Удалители для асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений месторождений Западного Казахстана

Signal transducers and activators of transcriptions (STAT) are key mediators of cytokine signaling. Moreover, these transcription factors play a crucial role in oncogenic signaling where inappropriate and sustained activation of STATs, especially STAT3, is a trait of many different cancers and their derived cell lines. Constitutively active STAT3 has been reported to prevent programmed cell death and enhance cell proliferation, whereas the disruption of STAT3 signaling can inhibit tumor growth. The physiologic activation of STAT3 by cytokines has been well established; however, little is known about altered, stimulation-independent STAT3 activation. Here, we show that, in most but not all melanoma cell lines, STAT3 phosphorylation increased substantially with cell density and that this STAT3 was able to bind to DNA and to activate transcription. Inhibitor studies showed that the cell density-dependent STAT3 activation relies on Janus kinases (JAK) rather than Src kinases. Using a specific JAK inhibitor, sustained STAT3 activation was completely abrogated in all tested melanoma lines, whereas inhibition of Src or mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 had no effect on constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 levels. Although STAT3 activation was completely blocked with JAK inhibitor I and to a lesser extent with the common JAK inhibitor AG490, only the latter compound markedly decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis. Taken together, variations in cell density can profoundly modify the extent of JAK-mediated persistent STAT3 phosphorylation; however, STAT3 activation was not sufficient to provide critical growth and survival signals in melanoma cell lines

Europa und die Welt

Die Diskussion über den Euro-Rettungsplan, die Finanzhilfen für Griechenland, Portugal und Irland, die Einführung schärferer Grenzkontrollen durch Dänemark haben einen neuen Streit über die Europäische Union entfacht. Driften die europäischen Staaten nach 60 Jahren der immer intensiveren und weiträumigeren Integration wieder auseinander? Spiegeln die Wahlbeteiligungen bei den Europawahlen eine Systemkrise? Geht uns der Sinn für die europäischen Gemeinsamkeiten verloren? Die Europäischen Erinnerungsorte leisten einen Beitrag zur Standortbestimmung. Autorinnen und Autoren aus mehr als 15 Ländern folgen der Annahme, dass es eine Vielzahl von Erinnerungsorten gibt, die für Europäer aller Länder eine Bedeutung haben, die ihre Identität mit formen und die wir mitdenken, wenn wir Europa sagen. Erstmals werden nicht die Erinnerungsorte einer einzelnen Nation, Region oder Epoche beschrieben, sondern Konzepte, Plätze, Ereignisse, Kunstwerke, Konsumgegenstände, die gesamteuropäisch von Bedeutung sind. Der dritte Band der „Europäischen Erinnerungsorte zeigt, wie die Erfahrungen der Europäer in der Welt auf Europa zurückwirkten und wie europäische Einflüsse in gebrochener Form nach Europa „re-importiert wurden &#8211 etwa der in die neue Welt getragene christliche Glaube in Form des Gospel-Gottesdienst

Das Haus Europa

Die Diskussion über den Euro-Rettungsplan, die Finanzhilfen für Griechenland, Portugal und Irland, die Einführung schärferer Grenzkontrollen durch Dänemark haben einen neuen Streit über die Europäische Union entfacht. Driften die europäischen Staaten nach 60 Jahren der immer intensiveren und weiträumigeren Integration wieder auseinander? Spiegeln die Wahlbeteiligungen bei den Europawahlen eine Systemkrise? Geht uns der Sinn für die europäischen Gemeinsamkeiten verloren? Die Europäischen Erinnerungsorte leisten einen Beitrag zur Standortbestimmung. Autorinnen und Autoren aus mehr als 15 Ländern folgen der Annahme, dass es eine Vielzahl von Erinnerungsorten gibt, die für Europäer aller Länder eine Bedeutung haben, die ihre Identität mit formen und die wir mitdenken, wenn wir Europa sagen. Erstmals werden nicht die Erinnerungsorte einer einzelnen Nation, Region oder Epoche beschrieben, sondern Konzepte, Plätze, Ereignisse, Kunstwerke, Konsumgegenstände, die gesamteuropäisch von Bedeutung sind. Der zweite Band illustriert diese Faktoren anhand von Fallbeispielen wie Der Stier, Europa-Hymne, Aachener Karlspreis, Mona Lisa, Dantes „Commedia divina, Goethes „Faust, Beethovens „IX., Rom, Anne Frank, Frauenemanzipation, Die Alpen, Auschwitz, Die U-Bahn, Das Kaffeehaus, Libertè &#8211 Égalitè &#8211 Fraternitè, Die Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig, die KSZE, Pizza und Pizzeria

Does compulsory voting increase support for leftist policy?

Citizens unequally participate in referendums, and this may systematically bias policy in favor of those who vote. Some view compulsory voting as an important tool to alleviate this problem, whereas others worry about its detrimental effects on the legitimacy and quality of democratic decision making. So far, however, we lack systematic knowledge about the causal effect of compulsory voting on public policy. We argue that sanctioned compulsory voting mobilizes citizens at the bottom of the income distribution and that this translates into an increase in support for leftist policies. We empirically explore the effects of a sanctioned compulsory voting law on direct-democratic decision making in Switzerland. We find that compulsory voting significantly increases electoral support for leftist policy positions in referendums by up to 20 percentage points. We discuss the implications of these results for our understanding of the policy consequences of electoral institutions

In search of the authentic nation: landscape and national identity in Canada and Switzerland

While the study of nationalism and national identity has flourished in the last decade, little attention has been devoted to the conditions under which natural environments acquire significance in definitions of nationhood. This article examines the identity-forming role of landscape depictions in two polyethnic nation-states: Canada and Switzerland. Two types of geographical national identity are identified. The first – what we call the ‘nationalisation of nature’– portrays zarticular landscapes as expressions of national authenticity. The second pattern – what we refer to as the ‘naturalisation of the nation’– rests upon a notion of geographical determinism that depicts specific landscapes as forces capable of determining national identity. The authors offer two reasons why the second pattern came to prevail in the cases under consideration: (1) the affinity between wild landscape and the Romantic ideal of pure, rugged nature, and (2) a divergence between the nationalist ideal of ethnic homogeneity and the polyethnic composition of the two societies under consideration

Diffusion‐weighted MR spectroscopy: Consensus, recommendations, and resources from acquisition to modeling

Brain cell structure and function reflect neurodevelopment, plasticity, and aging; and changes can help flag pathological processes such as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Accurate and quantitative methods to noninvasively disentangle cellular structural features are needed and are a substantial focus of brain research. Diffusion‐weighted MRS (dMRS) gives access to diffusion properties of endogenous intracellular brain metabolites that are preferentially located inside specific brain cell populations. Despite its great potential, dMRS remains a challenging technique on all levels: from the data acquisition to the analysis, quantification, modeling, and interpretation of results. These challenges were the motivation behind the organization of the Lorentz Center workshop on “Best Practices & Tools for Diffusion MR Spectroscopy” held in Leiden, the Netherlands, in September 2021. During the workshop, the dMRS community established a set of recommendations to execute robust dMRS studies. This paper provides a description of the steps needed for acquiring, processing, fitting, and modeling dMRS data, and provides links to useful resources

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis