Politiques migratoires: expériences belges et défis bulgares

La migration est une entrée privilégiée dans l'étude des influences car permet tant un passage des perceptions aux liens directs, des échanges symboliques aux échanges concrets. L'émigration est "le vote par les pieds" et exprime le choix des citoyens. La comparaison entre les cas belge et bulgare sera articulée en trois problématiques: la migration; l'institutionnalisation de la politique migratoire; les discours politiques. La Belgique reste une destination favorite au trafic - l'immigration contribue à la criminalité pas seulement au travail. L'extrême droite en Belgique est une de celles qui inspirent les opportunistes politiques en Bulgarie comment instrumentaliser l'immigration. Le modèle belge de recherche des migrations - caractère interdisciplinaire, octroi de fonds considérables à la fois privés et publics, coopération inter-universitaire - est loin d'être repris par les instances responsables de la recherche en Bulgarie. Si la Bulgarie reste encore exportatrice de migration, elle commence déjà à attirer une immigration de l'UE-15, aujourd'hui de Grande Bretagne, demain - d'autres pays aussi. Plus important encore, le vivre ensemble dans l'espace européen va modifier le type même de migration qui sera moins installation définitive que mobilité. Et mobilité rime avec échange, réciprocité, dialogue

Phosphocholine – an agonist of metabotropic but not of ionotropic functions of alpha9-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

We demonstrated previously that phosphocholine and phosphocholine-modified macromolecules efficiently inhibit ATP-dependent release of interleukin-1beta from human and murine monocytes by a mechanism involving nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Interleukin-1beta is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine of innate immunity that plays pivotal roles in host defence. Control of interleukin-1beta release is vital as excessively high systemic levels cause life threatening inflammatory diseases. In spite of its structural similarity to acetylcholine, there are no other reports on interactions of phosphocholine with nAChR. In this study, we demonstrate that phosphocholine inhibits ion-channel function of ATP receptor P2X7 in monocytic cells via nAChR containing alpha9 and alpha10 subunits. In stark contrast to choline, phosphocholine does not evoke ion current responses in Xenopus laevis oocytes, which heterologously express functional homomeric nAChR composed of alpha9 subunits or heteromeric receptors containing alpha9 and alpha10 subunits. Preincubation of these oocytes with phosphocholine, however, attenuated choline-induced ion current changes, suggesting that phosphocholine may act as a silent agonist. We conclude that phophocholine activates immuno-modulatory nAChR expressed by monocytes but does not stimulate canonical ionotropic receptor functions

Symbolic universes between present and future of Europe:First results of the map of European societies' cultural milieu

This paper reports the framework, method and main findings of an analysis of cultural milieus in 4 European countries (Estonia, Greece, Italy, and UK). The analysis is based on a questionnaire applied to a sample built through a two-step procedure of post-hoc random selection from a broader dataset based on an online survey. Responses to the questionnaire were subjected to multidimensional analysis–a combination of Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis. We identified 5 symbolic universes, that correspond to basic, embodied, affect-laden, generalized worldviews. People in this study see the world as either a) an ordered universe; b) a matter of interpersonal bond; c) a caring society; d) consisting of a niche of belongingness; e) a hostile place (others’ world). These symbolic universes were also interpreted as semiotic capital: they reflect the capacity of a place to foster social and civic development. Moreover, the distribution of the symbolic universes, and therefore social and civic engagement, is demonstrated to be variable across the 4 countries in the analysis. Finally, we develop a retrospective reconstruction of the distribution of symbolic universes as well as the interplay between their current state and past, present and future socio-institutional scenarios

Step bunching with both directions of the current: Vicinal W(110) surfaces versus atomistic scale model

We report for the first time the observation of bunching of monoatomic steps on vicinal W(110) surfaces induced by step up or step down currents across the steps. Measurements reveal that the size scaling exponent {\gamma}, connecting the maximal slope of a bunch with its height, differs depending on the current direction. We provide a numerical perspective by using an atomistic scale model with a conserved surface flux to mimic experimental conditions, and also for the first time show that there is an interval of parameters in which the vicinal surface is unstable against step bunching for both directions of the adatom drift.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure

The REFUGE-ED Dialogic Co-Creation Process : working with and for REFUGE-ED children and minors

A growing body of literature suggests that involving end-users in intervention research, including design, implementation, and evaluation, is associated with numerous positive outcomes. These outcomes include improved intervention efficacy, sustainability, and psychological growth among collaborators. The value of this approach and the recommendation for researchers to embrace co-creation in implementation and policies have also been recognised within the EU Framework of Research Innovation. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this approach may be particularly relevant for working with individuals from marginalised groups, whose voices are often absent from research and policy discussions. However, there has been limited attention given to how co-creation unfolds in practice. In this article, we provide a review of the methodological framework implemented by the H2020 REFUGE-ED (2021-2023), which was conducted in collaboration with migrant, refugee, and asylum-seeking communities. The project implemented the 'REFUGE-ED Dialogic Co-Creation Process (RDCP)' in 46 educational settings across six European countries. Considering the need for evidence-based approaches in education and mental health and psychosocial support practices, we suggest that the RDCP has the potential for sustainability and replicability in diverse contexts

Bitter taste signaling in tracheal epithelial brush cells elicits innate immune responses to bacterial infection

Constant exposure of the airways to inhaled pathogens requires efficient early immune responses protecting against infections. How bacteria on the epithelial surface are detected and first-line protective mechanisms are initiated are not well understood. We have recently shown that tracheal brush cells (BCs) express functional taste receptors. Here we report that bitter taste signaling in murine BCs induces neurogenic inflammation. We demonstrate that BC signaling stimulates adjacent sensory nerve endings in the trachea to release the neuropeptides CGRP and substance P that mediate plasma extravasation, neutrophil recruitment, and diapedesis. Moreover, we show that bitter tasting quorum-sensing molecules from Pseudomonas aeruginosa activate tracheal BCs. BC signaling depends on the key taste transduction gene Trpm5, triggers secretion of immune mediators, among them the most abundant member of the complement system, and is needed to combat P. aeruginosa infections. Our data provide functional insight into firstline defense mechanisms against bacterial infections of the lung