Legal Education and Clinical Legal Education in Poland

The aim of this paper is to present the existing legal education system and development of clinical legal education in Poland. The first part briefly introduces the general Polish higher education system including the implications of the Bologna Process and other challenges for the law faculties as higher education institutions. It then focuses on the five different apprenticeships necessary to obtain license to practice law in Poland. The second part deals with the study program and teaching methods used at Polish law faculties. It argues that the present system does not meet the requirements of the contemporary legal job market as students are not, as a rule, exposed to practical aspects of legal problems and leave law school without training in the necessary skills. The third and most extensive part is dedicated to the legal clinics operating in Poland. Some statistical data is presented on legal clinics (i.e. numbers of students, teachers, cases etc.). This part also discusses basic clinical methodology instruments used in Polish clinics. Finally it describes the establishment of the Polish Legal Clinics Foundation (Foundation), its goals, tasks, challenges andachievements

Polish Legal Education in the Light of the Recent Higher Education Reform

Article published in the Michigan State Law Review

Management innovation and its implementation in selected polish enterprises - case studies

Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań jakościowych na temat źródeł, przyczyn i procesu wdrażania innowacji zarządczych. Badania przeprowadzono w pięciu wybranych, dynamicznie rozwijających się przedsiębiorstwach, zaliczanych do różnych kategorii wielkości. Badania potwierdzają zarówno potrzebę innowacyjności w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem, jak i kluczową rolę najwyższego kierownictwa we wdrażaniu tych innowacji.This paper presents the results of qualitative research on sources, reasons and process of implementation of management innovation. The study was conducted in five selected, dynamically developing enterprises, belonging to different size categories. Research confirms both the need for innovation in managing enterprises, as well as the key role of top management in the implementation of these innovations

International Law and the New Biden Administration

On January 27, 2021, a week after the Inauguration of President Joseph Biden, the Contemporary Challenges in American & Global Law web series turned its focus to the timely topic, “International Law and the New Biden Administration.” The program was moderated by Professor Emerita Leah Wortham, Director of the American Law Program and the LL.M. Program at Catholic Law. Geoffrey P. Watson, Director of the Comparative and International Law Institute and retired Professor of Law, led Wednesday’s afternoon session, with comments made by dr hab. Izabela Krasnicka (IBTSLP 1998), Faculty of Law at the University of Bialystok in Poland

Predictors of Graft Patency 3 Years After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery fn1fn1This research was supported by the Cooperative Studies Program of the Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Central Office, Washington, D.C.

AbstractObjectives. The purpose of this analysis was to define the factors that predict 3-year graft patency.Background. The success of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is dependent on vein graft patency after the operation. It has been well established by a series of Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Trials that aspirin (325 mg daily) improves saphenous vein graft patency early (7 to 10 days) and at 1 year, but not at 3 years after CABG. This analysis, based on one of these trials, defined factors that predict 3-year graft patency.Methods. This analysis consisted of 266 patients, with 656 grafts that were patent 7 to 10 days after the operation, who underwent 3-year catheterization. To determine which patient-specific and/or graft-specific factors, or both, predict graft occlusion, a multivariate logistic regression analysis in terms of latent variables was used. It yielded a model that also took into account possible intraclass correlations.Results. For a vein graft that was patent at 7 to 10 days after the operation, the positive predictors, according to univariate analysis, for that graft being patent at 3 years were cross-clamp time ≤80 min (p < 0.001), vein preservation solution temperature ≤5°C (p = 0.009), bypass time ≤2 h (p = 0.042), number of proximal anastomoses ≤2 (p = 0.018), operation time ≤5 h (p = 0.044) and continuous versus intermittent cross-clamp technique (p = 0.024). There was also a trend with regard to recipient artery diameter >1.5 mm (p = 0.063), serum cholesterol ≤225 mg/dl (p = 0.084) and single versus sequential or Y vein graft (p = 0.060). Factors not predictive of 3-year patency were age, race, smoking history, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, vein source (thigh vs. calf), coronary artery grafted and aspirin treatment. Of all the predictors obtained in the univariate analysis, the only variables that were sufficient to yield a good model within the multivariate analysis were solution temperature (p = 0.004), serum cholesterol (p = 0.024), number of proximal anastomoses (p = 0.032) and recipient artery diameter (p = 0.034).Conclusions. For a patient with patent vein grafts 7 to 10 days after the operation, predictors of 3-year graft patency are more closely related to operative techniques and underlying disease and not to aspirin treatment.(J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1563–8