Synthesis of (−)-11‑<i>O</i>‑Debenzoyltashironin: Neurotrophic Sesquiterpenes Cause Hyperexcitation

11-<i>O</i>-Debenzoyltashironin (<b>1</b>) is a member of the neurotrophic sesquiterpenes, trace plant metabolites that enhance neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. We report its synthesis in six steps from a butenolide heterodimer via its likely biosynthetic precursor, 3,6-dideoxy-10-hydroxypseudoanisatin, here identified as the chain tautomer of <b>1</b>. Access to the tashironin chemotype fills a gap in a comparison set of convulsive and neurotrophic sesquiterpenes, which we hypothesized to share a common target. Here we show that both classes mutually hyperexcite rat cortical neurons, consistent with antagonism of inhibitory channels and a mechanism of depolarization-induced neurite outgrowth

Bioisosteres of ethyl 8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo [1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxylate (HZ-166) as novel alpha 2,3 selective potentiators of GABAA receptors: Improved bioavailability enhances anticonvulsant efficacy

HZ-166 has previously been characterized as an α2,3-selective GABAA receptor modulator with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and anti-nociceptive properties but reduced motor effects. We discovered a series of ester bioisosteres with reduced metabolic liabilities, leading to improved efficacy as anxiolytic-like compounds in rats. In the present study, we evaluated the anticonvulsant effects KRM-II-81 across several rodent models. In some models we also evaluated key structural analogs. KRM-II-81 suppressed hyper-excitation in a network of cultured cortical neurons without affecting the basal neuronal activity. KRM-II-81 was active against electroshock-induced convulsions in mice, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions in rats, elevations in PTZ-seizure thresholds, and amygdala-kindled seizures in rats with efficacies greater than that of diazepam. KRM-II-81 was also active in the 6 Hz seizure model in mice. Structural analogs of KRM-II-81 but not the ester, HZ-166, were active in all models in which they were evaluated. We further evaluated KRM-II-81 in human cortical epileptic tissue where it was found to significantly-attenuate picrotoxin- and AP-4-induced increases in firing rate across an electrode array. These molecules generally had a wider margin of separation in potencies to produce anticonvulsant effects vs. motor impairment on an inverted screen test than did diazepam. Ester bioisosters of HZ-166 are thus presented as novel agents for the potential treatment of epilepsy acting via selective positive allosteric amplification of GABAA signaling through α2/α3-containing GABA receptors. The in vivo data from the present study can serve as a guide to dosing parameters that predict engagement of central GABAA receptors

The α2,3-selective potentiator of GABAA receptors, KRM-II-81, reduces nociceptive-associated behaviors induced by formalin and spinal nerve ligation in rats

Clinical evidence indicates that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAA receptors have analgesic benefit in addition to efficacy in anxiety disorders. However, the utility of GABAA receptor PAMs as analgesics is compromised by the central nervous system side effects of non-selective potentiators. A selective potentiator of GABAA receptors associated with α2/3 subunits, KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole), has demonstrated anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and antinociceptive effects in rodents with reduced motoric side effects. The present study evaluated the potential of KRM-II-81 as a novel analgesic. Oral administration of KRM-II-81 attenuated formalin-induced flinching; in contrast, diazepam was not active. KRM-II-81 attenuated nociceptive-associated behaviors engendered by chronic spinal nerve ligation (L5/L6). Diazepam decreased locomotion of rats at the dose tested in the formalin assay (10 mg/kg) whereas KRM-II-81 produced small decreases that were not dose-dependent (10–100 mg/kg). Plasma and brain levels of KRM-II-81 were used to demonstrate selectivity for α2/3- over α1-associated GABAA receptors and to define the degree of engagement of these receptors. Plasma and brain concentrations of KRM-II-81 were positively-associated with analgesic efficacy. GABA currents from isolated rat dorsal-root ganglion cultures were potentiated by KRM-II-81 with an ED50 of 32 nM. Measures of respiratory depression were reduced by alprazolam whereas KRM-II-81 was either inactive or produced effects with lower potency and efficacy. These findings add to the growing body of data supporting the idea that α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs will have efficacy and tolerability as pain medications including those for neuropathic pain. Given their predicted anxiolytic effects, α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs offer an additional inroad into the management of pain

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel γ‑Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABA_A) Receptor Ligand That Combines Outstanding Metabolic Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Anxiolytic Efficacy

1,4-Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders but have limited long-term use due to adverse effects. HZ-166 (<b>2</b>) has been shown to have anxiolytic-like effects with reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. A 1,3-oxazole KRM-II-81 (<b>9</b>) was discovered from a series of six bioisosteres with significantly improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as compared to <b>2</b>. Oxazole <b>9</b> was further characterized and exhibited improved anxiolytic-like effects in a mouse marble burying assay and a rat Vogel conflict test