91 research outputs found
On the noncommutative standard model
We propose a pedestrian review of the noncommutative standard model in its
present state.Comment: dedicated to Alain Connes on the occasion of his 60th birthda
Stability of domain walls in models with asymmetric potentials
We study the evolution of cosmological domain walls in models with asymmetric
potentials. Our research goes beyond the standard case of spontaneous breaking
of an approximate symmetry. When the symmetry is explicitly broken the
potential exhibits nearly degenerate minima which can lead to creation of a
metastable network of domain walls. The time after which the network will decay
depends on the difference of values of the potential in minima, its asymmetry
around the maximum separating minima and the bias of the initial distribution
of the field. Effect of asymmetry around the maximum separating minima is novel
one that we study with a new type of potential. Using numerical lattice
simulations we determine relative importance of these factors on decay time of
networks for generic potentials. We find that even very small departures from
the symmetric initial distribution case lead to rapid decay of the domain wall
network. As a result creation of a long lasting network capable of producing
observable gravitational wave signals is much more difficult than previously
thought. On the other hand details of the shape of the potential turn out to be
much less important than was expected and the evolution of network from
symmetric distribution is controlled by the difference of values of the
potential in the minima
Finding the Standard Model of Particle Physics, A Combinatorial Problem
We present a combinatorial problem which consists in finding irreducible
Krajewski diagrams from finite geometries. This problem boils down to placing
arrows into a quadratic array with some additional constrains. The Krajewski
diagrams play a central role in the description of finite noncommutative
geometries. They allow to localise the standard model of particle physics
within the set of all Yang-Mills-Higgs models
Genome-wide identification, characterisation and expression profiles of calcium-dependent protein kinase genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Mixture of Tokens: Efficient LLMs through Cross-Example Aggregation
Despite the promise of Mixture of Experts (MoE) models in increasing
parameter counts of Transformer models while maintaining training and inference
costs, their application carries notable drawbacks. The key strategy of these
models is to, for each processed token, activate at most a few experts -
subsets of an extensive feed-forward layer. But this approach is not without
its challenges. The operation of matching experts and tokens is discrete, which
makes MoE models prone to issues like training instability and uneven expert
utilization. Existing techniques designed to address these concerns, such as
auxiliary losses or balance-aware matching, result either in lower model
performance or are more difficult to train. In response to these issues, we
propose Mixture of Tokens, a fully-differentiable model that retains the
benefits of MoE architectures while avoiding the aforementioned difficulties.
Rather than routing tokens to experts, this approach mixes tokens from
different examples prior to feeding them to experts, enabling the model to
learn from all token-expert combinations. Importantly, this mixing can be
disabled to avoid mixing of different sequences during inference. Crucially,
this method is fully compatible with both masked and causal Large Language
Model training and inference
Seesaw and noncommutative geometry
The 1-loop corrections to the seesaw mechanism in the noncommutative standard
model are computed. Other consequences of the Lorentzian signature in the inner
space are summarised.Comment: Dedicated to Alain Connes on the occasion of his 60th birthda
The correlation of protein peroxidation with morphological changes in experimental oestradiol-induced carcinogenesis
Oestradiol-induced male Syrian hamster carcinogenesis is a well-known experimental
model of human cancer of the breast, ovary and uterus. The pathomechanism
postulated in this model is 4-hydroxylation of oestradiol and further
free radical formation. The same process is suspected in human breast cancer.
Dynamic changes in protein peroxidation were reported during the tumour induction.
In this paper we try to correlate the protein peroxidation markers with
the histopathological progression of the changes. The biochemical and histopathological
evaluations were performed after 1, 3, 6 and 9 months of the
hormone exposition. Significant protein peroxidation was observed as soon as
after 1 month and increased further until the 6th month. After 9 months however,
it was not significantly different from the control. The discrete histopathological
changes after 1 month, progressed into tubular and interstitial hyperplasias
after 3 and 6 months. After 9 months several dysplastic areas, sometimes
with features of carcinoma in situ, were observed. The severe 9-month histopathological
changes did not correlate with the protein peroxidation
Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital epulis – two case reports and literature review
Abstract The following work presents prenatal ultrasonographic examination of two rare fetal cases of epulis, among 13 792 fetuses referred to our unit due to suspected fetal anomalies by obstetricians (estimated prevalence 1/7000 among fetuses with different anomalies). Sonographic differential diagnosis, value of fetal nasal amniotic fluid flow assessment by color Doppler and the probability of EXIT procedure have been described
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