Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Acanthospermum hispidum (DC) leaves on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rat

The leaves of Acanthospermum hispidum (DC) are used traditionally by Togolese to treat various hepatic disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant activities of the hydroethanolic extract of A. hispidum on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in Wistar rats. The extract was also studied for its in vitro antioxidant activity using ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and 2,2,-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) methods. The hydroethanolic extract of A. hispidum administratered oraly at 250 and 500 mg/kg showed a significant hepatoprotective effect (P < 0.001) by reducing levels of alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The extract exhibited significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. These data suggest that the hydroethanolic extracts of A. hispidum can prevent hepatic injuries from CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity in rats and this is likely mediated through its antioxidant activities.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Acanthospermum hispidum, CCl4

Cellulites Cervico-Faciales D’origine Dentaire au CHU Sylvanus Olympio de Lome Au Togo

Objectif: décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, thérapeutiques, et évolutifs des cellulites cervico-faciales d’origine dentaire au CHU Sylvanus Olympio (SO) de Lomé. Patients et méthodes : Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale descriptive réalisée sur une période de sept ans, à propos de 373 dossiers médicaux colligés dans le service d’Oto-Rhino- Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Maxillo-Faciale du CHU SO de Lomé, comportant des informations cliniques et paracliniques faisant cas de cellulites cervico-faciales d’origine dentaire. Résultats : L’âge moyen de nos patients était de 38,5 ans ± 15,2. Le délai moyen de consultation était de 11 jours. Les motifs les plus fréquents étaient la tuméfaction douloureuse (94,1%) et l’odontalgie (90,6%). Une automédication à base AINS/antalgiques a été retrouvée dans 33,0% des cas. Cliniquement, la tuméfaction était submandibulaire dans 60,1% des cas et associée à la carie dentaire dans 74,8% des cas. Les dents cariées étaient majoritairement les molaires inférieures dans 81,9% des cas. L’examen cytobactériologie des prélèvements a été réalisé chez 189 patients et 97 prélèvements se sont révélés positifs et isolant le streptocoque dans 32 cas. La radiographie panoramique a permis de noter un granulome dans 51,0% des cas, suivi du kyste apical dans 35,5% des cas. Le traitement médical était fait d’une bi-antibiothérapie réadaptée secondairement sur la base d’antibiogramme. Un drainage chirurgical avec extraction dentaire différée a été effectué dans 86,1% des cas. L’évolution était favorable chez la majorité des patients avec 6,9% de décès. Conclusion : Les cellulites cervico-faciales d’origine dentaire restent d’actualité. Le diagnostic doit être précoce, la prise en charge est pluridisciplinaire mais un accent doit être mis sur la prévention. Objective: to describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and progressive aspects of head and neck cellulitis of dental origin at Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital (SO), Lomé. Material and method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out over a period of seven years, concerning 373 medical files collected in the Department of Oto-Rhino- Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital in Lomé, with clinical and paraclinical information on head and neck cellulitis of dental origin. Results: The mean age of our patients was 38.5 ± 15.2 years. The average consultation time was 11 days. The most common reasons were painful swelling (94.1%) and toothache (90.6%). Selfmedication based on NSAIDs / analgesics was found in 33.0% of cases. Clinically, swelling was sub-mandibular in 60.1% of cases and associated with tooth decay in 74.8% of cases. The decayed teeth were predominantly lower molars in 81.9% of cases. The cytobacteriological examination of the specimens was carried out in 189 patients and 97 samples were positive and isolating the streptococcus in 32 cases. Panoramic X-ray revealed granuloma in 51.0% of cases, followed by apical cyst in 35.5% of cases. The medical treatment was made of a bi-antibiotherapy rehabilitated secondarily on the basis of antibiogram. Surgical drainage with delayed tooth extraction was performed in 86.1% of cases. The evolution was favorable for the majority of patients with 6.9% of deaths. Conclusion: Head and neck cellulitis of dental origin remains valid. The diagnosis must be early, the management is multidisciplinary but an emphasis must be placed on prevention

Ossifying fibroma of the maxillary sinus at the Kara (Togo) Teaching Hospital

SummaryIntroductionOssifying fibroma of the jaw is a benign tumorous disease, somewhat rare and aggressive. It frequently targets the mandible, but seldom the maxillary.Case studyThe present study reports the first case of left maxillary sinus fibroma treated at the Kara Teaching Hospital in North Togo. It occurred in a 29-year-old patient who experienced slow-growing tumefaction of the left maxillary sinus, resulting in deformation of the left side of the face in the maxillary region and ipsilateral nasal obstruction. Orthopantomography showed a displacement of teeth 21, 22, and 23 with an abnormal degree of opacity at the dental roots. The CT scan of the nose and sinuses revealed a tumorous lesion of expanding bony density increasing in volume at the outer wall of the left maxillary sinus, of regular shape that contained microscopic calcifications, extending into the ipsilateral orbital floor and pushing the surrounding soft tissues forward without invading them. The histopathological examination of the tumor confirmed the diagnosis of ossifying fibroma.DiscussionOssifying fibroma or fibrous osteoma is a rare and benign lesion developing insidiously with a polymorphous aspect. Of unknown etiology, most frequently located in the mandible, it is differentiated from other types of fibroma in its clinical, radiological, and histological aspects. However, only examination of the gross specimen can provide the final diagnosis. Treatment requires surgery.ConclusionSurgical treatment entailed the complete macroscopic enucleoresection. Recovery has been favorable at 2 years of follow-up

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of adult patients seen in ENT consultation facing COVID-19 in Lomé, Togo.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to verify the knowledge, attitudes and practices of patients received in an ENT consultation in Lom´ in the face of COVID-19 in order to better guide information, education and communication campaigns. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study that took place from May 4 to June 5, 2020, in the ENT department of the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital in Lom´, the country's leading reference hospital center. An anonymous questionnaire with open and closed questions was given during the first 5-10 minutes of a regulatory ENT consultation. Only patients 15 years of age and older who gave their consent were included in the study. The consent of patients aged 15 to 18 was confirmed by their parent or guardian accompanying them. Results: A total of 166 patients were enrolled in the study and one interviewee was not aware of the presence of COVID-19 on Togolese territory. Radio and TV programs and newspapers were the main source of information for the respondents (86.14%). Patients' overall knowledge of COVID-19 in terms of symptoms, routes of transmission and barrier measures was rated as good. More than 79% of respondents reported being afraid of COVID-19. The attitudes and practices of those surveyed were diverse and varied. Respondents who thought they had been infected tended to take preventive self-medication (p = 0.0003). Low education was been associated with fear of COVID-19 (p = 0.0112). Conclusion: Further awareness-raising and with the right explanations, is still necessary to ensure what has been learned and avoid fear, stigma and bad practice when faced with COVID-19

Socio-economic importance of Edouwossi-copé community forest (Togo)

La présente étude a permis de recueillir des informations sur l’importance ethno-botanique et socio-économique de la forêt communautaire d’Edouwossi-Copé, située dans la préfecture Amou au Togo. L’objectif de cette étude est de contribuer à la gestion durable de la forêt communautaire d’Edouwossi-Copé. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit de: (i) identifier les différentes utilisations des produits de la forêt communautaire et (ii) évaluer la diversité des espèces mellifères de ladite forêt. La méthodologie a été basée sur des enquêtes ethno-botaniques semi-directives par interviews individuels et par focus groupe. Par ailleurs, l’enquête fut complétée par un inventaire floristique et des analyses polliniques. Les résultats ont montré que les feuilles, les racines, l’écorce et les fruits sont utilisés principalement à des fins alimentaires et les soins de santé des résidents. L’étude a révélé que l’apiculture y est pratiquée dans le but de la conservation de la forêt. Le revenu monétaire, issu de cette activité et estimé à en moyenne 2.450.000 FCFA, contribue de ce fait à l’amélioration des conditions de vie de ces acteurs. L’analyse pollinique, réalisée selon la méthode d’Erdtman, a permis de dénombrer 380 grains de pollen qui représentent 22 taxons polliniques dont 17 ont été identifiés jusqu’au niveau espèces, soit 77,3 % du total. Ces taxons peuvent être regroupés en 14 familles. Les familles polliniques les plus représentées sont les Asteraceae et les Mimosaceae. L’inventaire floristique a permis de montrer qu’environ 88 % des espèces constituant la forêt sont mellifères. Le potentiel socio-économique et l’importance écologique de cette forêt communautaire sont appelés à une gestion durable. Mots-clés: Forêt communautaire, Ethno-botanique, diversité, Apiculture, Revenu monétaire, Edouwossi-Copé, Togo.  The present study gathers information on the ethnobotany and socio-economic importance of Edouwossi-copé community forest located in the Amou prefecture, Togo. It aims to contribute to the sustainable management of the communal forest of Edouwossi-copé. Its specific aims are to: (i) identify different uses of community forest products and (ii) evaluate the diversity of honey plant species of the forest. The methodology was based on ethnobotanical and socio-economic semi-structured focus-group interviews.Also, a floristic inventory and pollen analyzes were carried out. Results showed that leaves, roots, bark and fruits are used primarily for food and health care purposes by residents. Beekeeping was found to be a practice for sustainable management and conservation of the forest. The cash income gained from this activity, estimated as an average of 2.450.000 FCFA, contributes to improve the living conditions of these actors. The pollen analysis based on the method of Erdtman had enumerated 380 pollen grains representing 22 pollen taxa from which 17 (77.3 %) were identified to species level. These taxa can be grouped into 14 families. The most represented pollen families were Asteraceae and Mimosaceae. The pollen of about 88 % of woody species inventoried within the target forest are used by bees for honey production. The socio-economic potential and ecological importance of this communal forest call for a sustainable management. Keywords: Community forest, ethnobotany, diversity, beekeeping, Cash income, Edouwossi-copé,Togo

Socio-economic importance of Edouwossi-copé community forest (Togo)

La présente étude a permis de recueillir des informations sur l’importance ethno-botanique et socio-économique de la forêt communautaire d’Edouwossi-Copé, située dans la préfecture Amou au Togo. L’objectif de cette étude est de contribuer à la gestion durable de la forêt communautaire d’Edouwossi-Copé. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit de: (i) identifier les différentes utilisations des produits de la forêt communautaire et (ii) évaluer la diversité des espèces mellifères de ladite forêt. La méthodologie a été basée sur des enquêtes ethno-botaniques semi-directives par interviews individuels et par focus groupe. Par ailleurs, l’enquête fut complétée par un inventaire floristique et des analyses polliniques. Les résultats ont montré que les feuilles, les racines, l’écorce et les fruits sont utilisés principalement à des fins alimentaires et les soins de santé des résidents. L’étude a révélé que l’apiculture y est pratiquée dans le but de la conservation de la forêt. Le revenu monétaire, issu de cette activité et estimé à en moyenne 2.450.000 FCFA, contribue de ce fait à l’amélioration des conditions de vie de ces acteurs. L’analyse pollinique, réalisée selon la méthode d’Erdtman, a permis de dénombrer 380 grains de pollen qui représentent 22 taxons polliniques dont 17 ont été identifiés jusqu’au niveau espèces, soit 77,3 % du total. Ces taxons peuvent être regroupés en 14 familles. Les familles polliniques les plus représentées sont les Asteraceae et les Mimosaceae. L’inventaire floristique a permis de montrer qu’environ 88 % des espèces constituant la forêt sont mellifères. Le potentiel socio-économique et l’importance écologique de cette forêt communautaire sont appelés à une gestion durable. Mots-clés: Forêt communautaire, Ethno-botanique, diversité, Apiculture, Revenu monétaire, Edouwossi-Copé, Togo.  The present study gathers information on the ethnobotany and socio-economic importance of Edouwossi-copé community forest located in the Amou prefecture, Togo. It aims to contribute to the sustainable management of the communal forest of Edouwossi-copé. Its specific aims are to: (i) identify different uses of community forest products and (ii) evaluate the diversity of honey plant species of the forest. The methodology was based on ethnobotanical and socio-economic semi-structured focus-group interviews.Also, a floristic inventory and pollen analyzes were carried out. Results showed that leaves, roots, bark and fruits are used primarily for food and health care purposes by residents. Beekeeping was found to be a practice for sustainable management and conservation of the forest. The cash income gained from this activity, estimated as an average of 2.450.000 FCFA, contributes to improve the living conditions of these actors. The pollen analysis based on the method of Erdtman had enumerated 380 pollen grains representing 22 pollen taxa from which 17 (77.3 %) were identified to species level. These taxa can be grouped into 14 families. The most represented pollen families were Asteraceae and Mimosaceae. The pollen of about 88 % of woody species inventoried within the target forest are used by bees for honey production. The socio-economic potential and ecological importance of this communal forest call for a sustainable management. Keywords: Community forest, ethnobotany, diversity, beekeeping, Cash income, Edouwossi-copé,Togo

Socio-economic importance of Edouwossi-copé community forest (Togo)

The present study gathers information on the ethnobotany and socio-economic importance of Edouwossi-copé community forest located in the Amou prefecture, Togo. It aims to contribute to the sustainable management of the communal forest of Edouwossi-copé. Its specific aims are to: (i) identify different uses of community forest products and (ii) evaluate the diversity of honey plant species of the forest. The methodology was based on ethnobotanical and socio-economic semi-structured focus-group interviews.Also, a floristic inventory and pollen analyzes were carried out. Results showed that leaves, roots, bark and fruits are used primarily for food and health care purposes by residents. Beekeeping was found to be a practice for sustainable management and conservation of the forest. The cash income gained from this activity, estimated as an average of 2.450.000 FCFA, contributes to improve the living conditions of these actors. The pollen analysis based on the method of Erdtman had enumerated 380 pollen grains representing 22 pollen taxa from which 17 (77.3%) were identified to species level. These taxa can be grouped into 14 families. The most represented pollen families were Asteraceae and Mimosaceae. The pollen of about 88% of woody species inventoried within the target forest are used by bees for honey production. The socio-economic potential and ecological importance of this communal forest call for a sustainable management

EVALUATION DES ACTIVITÉS ANTIMICROBIENNES DE TRIDAX PROCUMBENS (ASTERACEAE), JATROPHA MULTIFIDA (EUPHORBIACEAE) ET DE CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (ASTERACEAE)

Tridax procumbens, Jatropha multifida and Chromolaena odorata are three ( 03) plants used in traditional medicine for treatment of some of the most common diseases in Togo . These plants have been studied for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. To this end, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of these plants were tested by the method of broth dilution coupled with the spreading on solid medium. The antimicrobial activity of three plants was assessed on three germs two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and yeast (Candida albicans). The results showed that J. multifida has a very strong inhibitory activity against C. albicans (nearly 100 %) and moderate activity on both bacteria. The three extracts of root bark of C. odorata have a significant effect on S. aureus and E. coli and lower action on C. albicans. Extracts from the leaves of T. procumbens inhibited S. aureus growing in about 98 % and E. coli to nearly 70 %. It’s activity against C. albicans is average. A basic phytochemical analysis of these extracts helped highlight tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids in the extracts of all the tested plants. These compounds would be the cause of their inhibitory effects

Cancers Primitifs Oto-Rhino-Laryngologiques Et Cervico-Maxillo-Faciaux De L’enfant: Aspects Épidémiologiques Et Histopathologiques

Objective: Have a view on child’s head and neck cancers in a reference centre in Togo. Methodology: It was a descriptive retrospective study about the cancers diagnosed among children under 15 years in head and neck department of Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital of Lomé in Togo from 1st January 2005 to 31 December 2014. The pieces were analysed in the pathological anatomy laboratory of the same teaching Hospital. Results: The child’s head and neck cancers represented 0.8 % of the whole ENT tumours and 5.5% of head and neck cancers. The average age was 8 years ± 4.7 ranging from 3 months to 15 years. The male sexe was predominant in 15 cases. The frequent location was ganglions, followed by oral cavity (gingivo-maxillary location and gingivo-mandibular location) in respectively 13 and 6 cases. The sinus, rhinopharynx, and larynx locations were found in 01 case of each cancer. In terms of histopathology, there were 21 cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of which 09 cases of Burkitt’s and 01 case of inferior lip neuroblastoma. Conclusion: Child’s head and neck cancers are scarce in Togo and dominated by malignant primitive cervical adenopathy

EVALUATION DE L’ACTIVITE ANTIMICROBIENNE DE MOMORDICA CHARANTIA (CUCURBITACEAE), PSIDIUM GUAJAVA (MYRTACEAE) ET PTELEOPSIS SUBEROSA (COMBRETACEAE)

Three plants [Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae); Psidium guajava (Myrtaveae) and Pteleopsis suberosa (Combretaceae)] used in traditional medicine in the management of common infections in Togo were assessed for their antimicrobial properties. To do this, the extracts of the three plants obtained by column chromatography were tested by the method of dilution in liquid medium coupled with the spreading on solid medium. A basic phytochemical analysis of these extracts has highlighted the major chemical compound. The results show that the aqueous extracts of leaves of Momordica charantia were most active against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus) with percentage of inhibition of 92.64, 91.86 and 93.57% respectively. The aqueous extract of stem bark of Pteleopsis suberosa was the most active against the yeast Candida albicans with percentage of inhibition of 80.74%. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins disclosed in these plant extracts would be the cause of the antimicrobial activities observed. These results validate the use of these plants in the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms tested