The Earth: Plasma Sources, Losses, and Transport Processes

This paper reviews the state of knowledge concerning the source of magnetospheric plasma at Earth. Source of plasma, its acceleration and transport throughout the system, its consequences on system dynamics, and its loss are all discussed. Both observational and modeling advances since the last time this subject was covered in detail (Hultqvist et al., Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses, 1999) are addressed

The Physical Processes of CME/ICME Evolution

As observed in Thomson-scattered white light, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are manifest as large-scale expulsions of plasma magnetically driven from the corona in the most energetic eruptions from the Sun. It remains a tantalizing mystery as to how these erupting magnetic fields evolve to form the complex structures we observe in the solar wind at Earth. Here, we strive to provide a fresh perspective on the post-eruption and interplanetary evolution of CMEs, focusing on the physical processes that define the many complex interactions of the ejected plasma with its surroundings as it departs the corona and propagates through the heliosphere. We summarize the ways CMEs and their interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) are rotated, reconfigured, deformed, deflected, decelerated and disguised during their journey through the solar wind. This study then leads to consideration of how structures originating in coronal eruptions can be connected to their far removed interplanetary counterparts. Given that ICMEs are the drivers of most geomagnetic storms (and the sole driver of extreme storms), this work provides a guide to the processes that must be considered in making space weather forecasts from remote observations of the corona.Peer reviewe

Modelling of FGM plates

The paper presents formulation of the problem of layered plates composed of two various isotropic materials. We assume that the first material M₁ is characterized by the following parameters: Young’s modulus E₁ and Poisson’s ratio ν₁, whereas the second one by E₂ and ν₂, respectively. Let us consider two modelling cases for functionally graded material (FGM) plates. These cases are related to an appropriate distribution of the material within two-layer and three-layer systems. Our objective is to compare the stiffness of both the two-layer and there-layer plates with the FGM plate containing various proportions between the material components M₁ and M₂

Determinates of fire risks in the historic means of transport

W artykule przedstawiono główne przyczyny zagrożeń pożarowych w zabytkowych środkach transportu. Do przyczyn tych należą: zmniejszenie wytrzymałości izolacji obwodów elektrycznych - oświetleniowych, procesy zmęczeniowe elementów pojazdów i układów elektrycznych a także zły stan techniczny pojazdów w szczególności zbiorników i przewodów doprowadzających paliwo do silnika. W artykule zaprezentowano założenia analiz technicznych zjawisk eksploatacyjnych w zabytkowych środkach transportu. Podano zależności matematyczne wykorzystywane w modelowaniu oceny stanu technicznego obiektu wraz z wyznaczeniem zakresu, czasu miejsca przeglądu lub naprawy.The article presents the main causes of fires in the historic means of transport. The reason for this are: a reduction in insulation resistance of electrical circuits – lightning, processes fatigue vehicle parts and electrical systems as well as the bad technical condition of vehicles, in particular thanks and fuel hoses in the engine. The article presents the assumptions of technical analysis of phenomena operating in the historic means of transport. Given depending on the mathematical modeling used in the assessment of the technical state of the object with the determination of scope, time, place or repair

Adaptation of robot application for printing in the process of production of final product

W artykule opracowano algorytm oraz oprogramowanie umożliwiające nanoszenie nadruku w procesie wytwarzania produktu finalnego w oparciu o robota Kawasaki. W wyniku adaptacji robota proces nanoszenia nadruku ulegnie wyraźnemu przyśpieszeniu, powodując zwiększenie dziennej liczby wykonywanych operacji. Proponowana koncepcja zwiększa efektywność, jakość zachodzących procesów. Podjęty w pracy kierunek badań jest aktualny i może być interesujący dla przemysłu.In this paper the algorithm and application software for printing in the manufacture of the final product based on a robot Kawasaki. As a result of adaptation of the robot application process printing is noticeably accelerated, resulting in increased daily count-by operations. The proposed concept increases the efficiency, the quality of the processes. Taken in the direction of research work it is current and can be interesting for industry

Possibilities of using mobile work

Na rynku istnieje wiele rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych mobilnych robotów, które znalazły zastosowanie w dziedzinie nauki i techniki. Wyposażenie robota w czujniki oraz szereg innych funkcji (np. komunikowania się z innymi robotami) stwarza możliwość pogłębienia wiedzy z zakresu programowania robotów mobilnych W artykule autorzy zaprezentowali oprogramowanie robota mobilnego oraz stworzyli algorytmy ułatwiające zrozumienie istoty programowania w środowisku mOwayWorld.There are a number of mobile robot solutions that have found use in the field of science and technology. Thanks to the functions of the robot, it is possible to know the principle of operation of the sensors and their possible use in practice. In the article, the authors presented mobile robot software and created algorithms facilitating the understanding of programming nature in mOwayWorld environment