Sociologie et philosophie dans les dissertations de Thadée Szczurkiewicz

Parmi les dissertations écrites par Thadée Szczurkiewicz dans les années 1931-1965 et groupées dans le livre intitulé Etudes Sociologiques aucune n'est conlsacrée directement au problème des (relations mutuelles entre la sociologie et philosophie. C'est cependant ce problème qui occupe dans le bagage de cet eminent sociologue polonais l'une des places centrales, La sociologie se trouve, d'après Thadée Szczurkiewicz envers la philosophie, dans la même relation, du point de vue logique et théorique, que l'ensemble des sciences sociales spécialisées. L'inadvertance de ce fait favorisait, (dans les conditions de la popularité de la critique néopositiviste de philosophie, la contestation des valeurs scientifiques de la sociologie par les représentans d'autres sciences humanistes, reconnaissant en même temps sans hésitation la thèse sur le caractère scientifique des disciplines cultivées par eux. La reconnaissance de l'expérience en tant que la source et le critère de la valeur de la connaissance sociologique met la sociologie dans une opposition envers ces directions dans la philosophie, qui admettent l'existence de la connaissance aprioriste et même prônent sa domination sur la connaissance empirique. Les principaux porteurs des constructions théoriques aprioristes contraires aux faits de l'expérinence sont pour Thadée Szczurkiewicz sur le terrain de la sociologie les directions philosophiques, qui rejettent dans leur programme l'apriorisme idéaliste. On souligne dans l'article, que la critique du naturalisme sociologique, de l'empirisme antithéorique, du psychologisme, du naturalisme fait par Thadée Szczurkiewicz peut être traitée en tant que l'analyse des modus de l'existence die la philosophie traditionnelle à l'antérieur de la sociologie moderne. On fait remarquer la signification particulière des conceptions formulées par Thadée Szczurkiewicz des structures cachées théoriques et méthodologiques pour l'analyse de la [place occupée par la (philosophie dans la sociologie contemporaine. A la fin de l'article on trouve un essai de démontrer, qu'une ligne essentielle de démarcation entre la conception de l'empirisme de la sociologie de Thadée Szczurkiewicz et aussi de Florian Znaniecki et la conception néopositiviste des sciences empiriques a été tracée par la thèse d'après laquelle la philosophie peut jouer le rôle bien positif dans le (développement de la sociologie, si aux théorèmes philosophiques qui ne sont pas à éliminer dans aucune science empirique on revêt un sens heuristique si nous les traitons comme les hypothèses de travail, se distinguant entre eux par leur relation aux faits empiriques et par le degré de la motivation.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

ACADEMIC DEMOCRACY VERSUS OLIGARCHIC AND AUTHORITARIAN TENDENCIES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY

The paper contains a critical analysis o f various kinds o f anomy and oligarchic and authoritarian tendencies that have become visible within the Polish institutions of academic democracy. Oligarchy and authoritarianism in the world o f Polish sociology have their roots both in the formal socialist past and in the mechanical transferring principles of „competitive business enterprise” (Veblen) to academic and spiritual work. Anomic competition that presupposes and causes various kinds o f monopoly leads to the poverty and uniformity o f language and thought. Master - lackey relations displace such cooperation and mutual esteem of academic and nonacademic teachers, students and parents that serve the common good. The egalitarianism of average value and the lowest marginal value dominate over the egalitarianism of the highest marginal value. The place of censorship as a profession has been taken by censorship as an inner calling. The system of the academic results evaluation subordinates the quality o f scholarly and didactic work to purely quantitative indicators. The delusive and apparently objective statistics favour the subordination of quality to quantity. Anomic competition generates surrendering to a rule: Omnia pro tempore, nihil pro veritate - everything for circumstances, nothing for truth. Irreconcilable competitors fight against one another by means of grey and black marketing. The rules of anomic competition are directed not only against contemporary scholars, but also against the Founding Fathers of modern social sciences. Competition with the classics is co-conditioned by a search for absolute originality. The paper emphasizes that the present-day reforms of Polish education and science add new values to the Veblenian analysis concerning the transformation of universities into competitive business enterprises and into authoritarian and bureaucratic institutions

The Theory of Means of Material Production and the Modern Societies

The above article belongs to the series of treatises aiminig at attributing such a form to categories and propositions of the historical materialism to make them become not only a mean of theoretical reflection on the m o d e r n societies but also a premise of field-empirical, sociological and economic research. The first part of the article is an attempt of the new interpretation of the proposition inherent in the historical materialism i.e. of "defining" a society as a whole (formation of a society) by its economic structure. Five basic processes, through which the "definition" of the social formation by its economy is carried into effect, are quoted there, as well as five theoretical and methodological functions performed by the respective sub-theories of the theory of the economic structure in examining economy ais a whole and a society as a whole. The arguments presented in the second part of the article are in favor of a proposition that the understanding of the part played by economy in the formation of a society advocated by the historical materialism is still not obsolete but it can also help to disclose that a majority of categories presently applied in the analysis of interactions between economy and non-economical structures is biased with the theoretical archaism and the Robinsonian approach. All the categories of the theory of means of material production analyzed in the article are serving to criticize and positively overcome the above mentioned bias; these are: "material labor", "objects of labor", "direct and indirect means of the material labor", "mental means of the material production", typology of conditioning processes presented within the structure of means of material production. The following concepts are considered to bear the traits of the theoretical archaism and the Robinsonian approach: "manual labor", "mental work", "instruments of labor", as well as other concepts identifying the means of production with a set of material objects and the powers of production with the means of production.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

Functions of the Theory of Means Material Production m Studies on the Formation of Modern Societies

The article brings the first series of arguments for the interpretation of a thesis, inherent in the historical materialism, on defining a social formation by the economic structure. That proposition was put forward in the treatise on "The Theory of Material production Means and the Modern Societies" (Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny nr 3/82). Application of the theory of means of production, as a tool to identify economy, results in questioning the common opinion that a role of State is increasing in the socialist societies along with the diminishing range and importance of the economic structure. When that theory is applied as a method of initial definition of peculiarities of extraeconomic structures of the social formation one is able to criticise the common concept of State. The Marxist notion of legal and political superstructure can not be reduced to the colloquial term of "State". The author distinguishes three large processes by which the structure of production means is conditioning all the extraeconomic regions of the social formation: 1) natural effect of material goods- manufactured by means of production on a biological organism of a human being (analysis of that process implies the application of historical materialism along with the discoveries of modern natural), 2) tellic conditioning (linking the historical materialism with problems of modern theories of social action, practice and "humanistic sociologies" as opposed to the sociological naturalism), 3) mental reproduction of the objective world (analysis of that process assumes materialistic and historical sociology of knowledge, the sociology of extrascientific and scientific cognition). Application of the theory of means of production as a tool examing the influence of some non- economic structures on the economic structure allows a transition from formulating pre-scientific queries: can law, science, art and ideas influence the economy? to scientific questions: what are the processes which account for the influence of a superstructure on a base? The exact indicators of that influence can also be seen. The analysis of the position of economy on the formation of modern societies indicates at numerous arguments bearing on the merits of the proposition that the historical materialism has presently more significance for the scientific study of economy as a whole, and of society as a whole than it used to have in the times of Marx and Lenin.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

ACADEMIC DEMOCRACY VERSUS OLIGARCHIC AND AUTHORITARIAN TENDENCIES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY

The paper contains a critical analysis o f various kinds o f anomy and oligarchic and authoritarian tendencies that have become visible within the Polish institutions of academic democracy. Oligarchy and authoritarianism in the world o f Polish sociology have their roots both in the formal socialist past and in the mechanical transferring principles of „competitive business enterprise” (Veblen) to academic and spiritual work. Anomic competition that presupposes and causes various kinds o f monopoly leads to the poverty and uniformity o f language and thought. Master - lackey relations displace such cooperation and mutual esteem of academic and nonacademic teachers, students and parents that serve the common good. The egalitarianism of average value and the lowest marginal value dominate over the egalitarianism of the highest marginal value. The place of censorship as a profession has been taken by censorship as an inner calling. The system of the academic results evaluation subordinates the quality o f scholarly and didactic work to purely quantitative indicators. The delusive and apparently objective statistics favour the subordination of quality to quantity. Anomic competition generates surrendering to a rule: Omnia pro tempore, nihil pro veritate - everything for circumstances, nothing for truth. Irreconcilable competitors fight against one another by means of grey and black marketing. The rules of anomic competition are directed not only against contemporary scholars, but also against the Founding Fathers of modern social sciences. Competition with the classics is co-conditioned by a search for absolute originality. The paper emphasizes that the present-day reforms of Polish education and science add new values to the Veblenian analysis concerning the transformation of universities into competitive business enterprises and into authoritarian and bureaucratic institutions

The Paradigm of Ideological Formulation of Society

The article presents those of the basic theses of Hegel's philosophy of society and history which most clearly reveal something that was called "ideology" by Marx and Engels. The paradigm of ideological interpretation of society created by Hegel still persists in scientific and non-scientific thought. Nowadays, it most often assumes the form of cryptotheory: a set of tacit assumptions which concern the construction, functioning and changes of global societies and are accepted in the analysis of particular theoretic and empirical problems. In the author's view, the basic elements of paradigm of ideological analysis of society are: 1) "objectivism" — i.e. considering the laws of social life and history to be the forces which are separate and independent of human actions, 2) monoideologism or ideological reductionism, 3) theoretical stateism, 4) identifying all economy with bourgeoios, early capitalist economy, 5) ideological determinism — i.e. assuming in the analysis of the impact of ideas on social life the same conception of macrositructural and macrohistorical causality which was the foundation of "vulgarly" materialistic determinisms: geographis, demographic, racial and antropological and economic.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

Pareto as a critic of Marx and of the ideological conception of society

The article points to the significance of Pareto's conception of ideology and his distinction between the two interpretations of historical materialism (populaire — savante) for modern social sciencies. The author questions the view that Pareto constructs a juxtaposition of theory of classes and class struggle with the theory of elites and the law of the circulation of elites. The author indicates that Pareto's theory of elites assumes the defence of Marx's theory of classes and his theory of class struggle against recurrent criticism, such as: glorification of violence in social life, discrepancy between the class struggle and humanism, law, religious values. Pareto's conception of class struggle, his distinction between „la violence" and „la force" shed new light on his theory of elites. Pareto's theory of elites may than be rid of naturalistic determinism, ahistorism and antidemocratism and may no longer be treated as the expression of the attitude of contempt towards the masses. It reveals its antielitist consequences and is in agreement with liberal values accepted by Pareto.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

The Paradigm of Ideological Formulation of Society

The article presents those of the basic theses of Hegel's philosophy of society and history which most clearly reveal something that was called "ideology" by Marx and Engels. The paradigm of ideological interpretation of society created by Hegel still persists in scientific and non-scientific thought. Nowadays, it most often assumes the form of cryptotheory: a set of tacit assumptions which concern the construction, functioning and changes of global societies and are accepted in the analysis of particular theoretic and empirical problems. In the author's view, the basic elements of paradigm of ideological analysis of society are: 1) "objectivism" — i.e. considering the laws of social life and history to be the forces which are separate and independent of human actions, 2) monoideologism or ideological reductionism, 3) theoretical stateism, 4) identifying all economy with bourgeoios, early capitalist economy, 5) ideological determinism — i.e. assuming in the analysis of the impact of ideas on social life the same conception of macrositructural and macrohistorical causality which was the foundation of "vulgarly" materialistic determinisms: geographis, demographic, racial and antropological and economic.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

Max Weber a Karol Marks: socjologia Maxa Webera jako \u201epozytywna krytyka materializmu historycznego\u201d

S\u142owa kluczowe: Max Weber (1864-1920); Karl Marx (1818-1883); socjologia poznania naukowego; materializm historyczny; socjologia niemiecka \u2013 19-20 w

Discussion on The Historii of Sociological Thought by Jerzy Szacki

Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201