Soviet and Marxist theories of accumulation

The theoretical conceptions of capitalist economy held by socialists are surprisingly neglected in efforts to explain socialist political practice. Most explanations of politics, including those offered by Marxists themselves, emphasize personal, ideological, etc., factors. By providing a theoretical economic history of the mainsteam Marxist labor movement in the years roughly 1860-1930, this study contributes to an inductive justification for the claim that the theory of capitalism implicitly or explicitly held by Marxist politicians is a considerably more important determinant of their political conclusions than is generally admitted. After a relatively concise treatment of the First and pre-war Second Internationals, in which the general methodological approach will be revealed and some more or less minor errors of interpretation by various analysts will be corrected, attention will shift to the Third International in the years prior to the advent of fascism in Germany. The usefulness of theoretical economic history will be most forcefully evident here, as it will be demonstrated that the politics of the Third International, contrary to most accounts, are not primarily rooted in factional struggles within the Russian party, the general economic/political problems of socialist construction in Soviet Russia, Stalin\u27s personality, etc. Rather, it will be shown that the key transformations of the Third International\u27s political orientation derived from the prevailing theory of capitalism in communist circles

Language of Lullabies: The Russification and De-Russification of the Baltic States

This article argues that the laws for promotion of the national languages are a legitimate means for the Baltic states to establish their cultural independence from Russia and the former Soviet Union

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery