14 research outputs found
NEONICOTINOID TOXICITY IN REPRODUCTIVE HONEY BEE CASTES
High pollinator losses of recent decades have been attributed to several causes including increased exposure to pesticides, particularly neonicotinoid insecticides. This has spiked re-evaluation of neonicotinoid use in agriculture and has heightened the need to enhance pesticide risk assessment. Currently, pesticide risk assessment for pollinators is based on assays focused predominantly on worker bee mortality in response to pesticide exposure. This approach has been criticized for overlooking sublethal toxic effects and its lack of proper evaluation of the reproductively active honey bee drones and queens. Accordingly, the overarching goal of this thesis was to incorporate the evaluation of honey bee reproductive castes in toxicologic assays through the use of βgold standardβ research techniques routinely used in vertebrate toxicology studies. First, we reviewed, documented, and summarized the normal anatomical structures of the mated queen reproductive tract in order to establish reference material of the normal morphology expected in healthy queen bees. Next, we investigated the effect of thiamethoxam (THI), a commonly used neonicotinoid, on developing queens. We found that direct THI toxicity in queens can result in hypoplasia of the pheromone producing mandibular glands. Such morphologic organ changes precede compromised organ function. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that dysregulation and disruption of pheromone production in intoxicated queens may partially explain the increased queen failure rates reported by beekeepers in association with high colony losses. Importantly, this study highlights that THI can have a direct negative effect on queen bees, indicating that it may be prudent to include all castes in pesticide risk assessment. This finding is further supported by our final studies, where we describe that THI toxicity is highly caste and age specific. Namely, we found that developing (i.e., larval) queens are highly sensitive to THI toxicity, but become more resilient following emergence. The opposite was found to be true for drones. Furthermore, detoxification enzyme activity in bees is similarly caste and age specific, although the enzymes tested in our studies did not change in response to THI treatment. Overall, these finding indicate that using worker bees alone in pesticide risk assessment may be suboptimal since toxicity in workers may not fully reflect toxicity observed in other honey bee castes. In addition, applying histologic and biochemical assays in pesticide risk assessment can potentially enhance our understanding of bee toxicity, improve the detection of sublethal toxic changes, and assist in the establishment of safe dose ranges of pesticides to protect pollinators while ensuring proper protection of agricultural crops
Are honey bees a suitable model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a continuum of disorders caused
by prenatal exposure to ethanol. They affect an estimated 4% of Canadians. FASDs are associated with a host of complications including, but not limited to, cognitive difficulties, developmental delay, increased mortality, smaller birth weight, smaller brain size, as well as gross and fine motor issues.
It has been previously established that fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are a suitable invertebrate model for FASDs. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) share many similarities to Drosophila as a research model, but with the distinct advantage of highly social behaviour, similar to that of humans.
In this project we exposed honey bees to incremental, sublethal concentrations of ethanol during larval development and monitored their survival, developmental rate, and weight at adult emergence. We found that larval honey bees exposed to β₯6% ethanol experienced significantly higher mortality, developmental delay, and lower body weight at emergence. Accordingly, these results, in combination with ongoing neurobehavioural analyses of adult bees exposed to ethanol as larvae, suggest that honey bees may be an ideal model for human FASDs
Does hive strength predispose honey bees to European foulbrood disease?
BC Blueberries, Project Apis m., Boehringer Ingelheim, Mitacs, Costco Wholesale, Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund, Agriculture Funding Consortium, Saskatchewan Beekeepers Development CommissionEuropean Foulbrood (EFB) is a bacterial disease of young honey bee larvae, caused
by Melissococcus plutonius infection of the larval midgut. It occurs in times of
nutritional stress when insufficient food is supplied to the larvae by the nursing bee
population. EFB increases larval mortality, thereby limiting the colonyβs growth,
which can have consequences on the hiveβs pollination services, honey production,
and ability to reproduce.
Recently, increased incidence of EFB has been observed across North America;
however, the underlaying factors predisposing colonies to EFB remain largely
unknown
Comparative chronic toxicity of three neonicotinoids on New Zealand packaged honey bees
<div><p>Background</p><p>Thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid are the most commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides on the Canadian prairies. There is widespread contamination of nectar and pollen with neonicotinoids, at concentrations which are sublethal for honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> Linnaeus).</p><p>Objective</p><p>We compared the effects of chronic, sublethal exposure to the three most commonly used neonicotinoids on honey bee colonies established from New Zealand packaged bees using colony weight gain, brood area, and population size as measures of colony performance.</p><p>Methods</p><p>From May 7 to July 29, 2016 (12 weeks), sixty-eight colonies received weekly feedings of sugar syrup and pollen patties containing 0 nM, 20 nM (median environmental dose), or 80 nM (high environmental dose) of one of three neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid). Colonies were weighed at three-week intervals. Brood area and population size were determined from digital images of colonies at week 12. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA and mixed models.</p><p>Results</p><p>There was a significant negative effect (-30%, p<0.01) on colony weight gain (honey production) after 9 and 12 weeks of exposure to 80 nM of thiamethoxam, clothianidin, or imidacloprid and on bee cluster size (-21%, p<0.05) after 12 weeks. Analysis of brood area and number of adult bees lacked adequate (>80%) statistical power to detect an effect.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Chronic exposure of honey bees to high environmental doses of neonicotinoids has negative effects on honey production. Brood area appears to be less sensitive to detect sublethal effects of neonicotinoids.</p></div
ΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ₯ΠΠΠ Π’Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ§ΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ‘Π£ΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ£ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠΠ£ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠΠ (Apis Mellifera) IN VITRO
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ· ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, Π·ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ GRAS (Generally regarded as safe) Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π°Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±Π΄ΠΆΠΎΠ»ΠΈ in vitro, ΡΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π· ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ (D.R. Schmehl, 2016). ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ· Π½Π°ΠΉΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ - ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², Π·Π° ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π°ΠΆ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΎ.
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΏΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ-ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΒ» Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ Π±Π΄ΠΆΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΏΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ-ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΒ» Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ 1Γ106 ΠΠ£Π Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈ Π Ρ Π‘ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ, Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎ 5%.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΏΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ-ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΒ» Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 1Γ109 ΠΠ£Π Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈ Π Ρ Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ Π±Π΄ΠΆΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ, ΡΠΊΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ (Π <0,001), ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡΠ² ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π΄ΠΆΡΠ» in vitro Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ in vitro, ΡΠ°ΠΊ in vivo.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ· ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, Π·ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ GRAS (Generally regarded as safe) Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π°Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±Π΄ΠΆΠΎΠ»ΠΈ in vitro, ΡΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π· ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ (D.R. Schmehl, 2016). ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ· Π½Π°ΠΉΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ - ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², Π·Π° ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π°ΠΆ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΎ.
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΏΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ-ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΒ» Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ Π±Π΄ΠΆΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΏΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ-ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΒ» Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ 1Γ106 ΠΠ£Π Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈ Π Ρ Π‘ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ, Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎ 5%.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΏΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ-ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΒ» Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 1Γ109 ΠΠ£Π Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈ Π Ρ Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ Π±Π΄ΠΆΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ, ΡΠΊΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ (Π <0,001), ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡΠ² ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π΄ΠΆΡΠ» in vitro Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ in vitro, ΡΠ°ΠΊ in vivo
Weekly and cumulative feed consumption per colony over 12 weeks.
<p>Over twelve weeks, cumulative consumption of syrup (B) and pollen patty (D) was comparable for all experimental groups with the exception of colonies exposed to 20 nM thiamethoxam consuming 18.2% (2.98 kg) less syrup compared to controls. Shaded area indicates significant differences (P<0.01) in weekly pollen patty (C) consumption between control colonies and colonies exposed to 80 nM neonicotinoids. Treatment colonies were exposed to clothianidin (CLO), imidacloprid (IMD), or thiamethoxam (THI) at 20 or 80 nanomolar concentrations. Mean weekly (A, C) or cumulative (B, D) consumption per colony Β± SD is indicated for each group. * significantly different from control, P<0.01. The timing of the canola and alfalfa bloom surrounding the study site is indicated (A, C).</p
Cumulative weight gain of colonies exposed to sublethal doses of individual neonicotinoids for twelve weeks.
<p>Treatment colonies were exposed to clothianidin (CLO) (A), imidacloprid (IMD) (B), or thiamethoxam (THI) (C) at 20 or 80 nanomolar concentrations. Colonies exposed to 80 nM CLO (A) and 80 nM IMD (B) demonstrated significant decreases in weight gain from controls at weeks 9 and 12 and week 9, respectively. The bars show mean cumulative colony weight gain Β± SD for each group (left y-axis). The curves show mean cumulative consumption of neonicotinoid per colony Β± SD in micromoles for the treatment groups (right y-axis). * significantly different from control, P<0.01. The timing of the canola and alfalfa bloom surrounding the study site is indicated (A).</p
Capped brood area of colonies exposed to sublethal doses of neonicotinoid for twelve weeks.
<p>Treatment colonies were exposed for twelve weeks to clothianidin (CLO), imidacloprid (IMD), or thiamethoxam (THI) at 20 or 80 nanomolar concentrations. Brood area was quantified by analysis of digital images of brood frames with brood recognition software. There was no statistical difference among experimental groups but analyses lacked adequate (>80%) statistical power due to high variability. Mean Β± SD are indicated for each group.</p
Chronic High-Dose Neonicotinoid Exposure Decreases Overwinter Survival of Apis mellifera L.
Overwinter colony mortality is an ongoing challenge for North American beekeepers. During winter, honey bee colonies rely on stored honey and beebread, which is frequently contaminated with the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam. To determine whether neonicotinoid exposure affects overwinter survival of Apis mellifera L., we chronically exposed overwintering field colonies and winter workers in the laboratory to thiamethoxam or clothianidin at different concentrations and monitored survival and feed consumption. We also investigated the sublethal effects of chronic thiamethoxam exposure on colony pathogen load, queen quality, and colony temperature regulation. Under field conditions, high doses of thiamethoxam significantly increased overwinter mortality compared to controls, with field-realistic doses of thiamethoxam showing no significant effect on colony overwinter survival. Under laboratory conditions, chronic neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreased survival of winter workers relative to negative control at all doses tested. Chronic high-dose thiamethoxam exposure was not shown to impact pathogen load or queen quality, and field-realistic concentrations of thiamethoxam did not affect colony temperature homeostasis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chronic environmental neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreases survival of winter workers in the laboratory, but only chronic high-dose thiamethoxam significantly decreases overwinter survival of colonies in the field