Konflikty zbrojne a prawa kobiet w świetle praktyki Komitetu ONZ ds. Likwidacji Dyskryminacji Kobiet

Presented paper aims to answer the question what are obligations imposed on states by the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (1979) in relation to protection of women’s rights during the armed conflicts and peace process. Presented research is based on analysis of the practice of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, an independent control body established by the Convention to monitor implementation of its provisions by the state parties. The analysis of the Committee’s output is proceeded by the review of its control tools in order to assess their usefulness in process of verification how the states perform duties imposed on them by the Convention in such specific situation as armed conflict. The core part of presented research is based on analysis of decisions of this body, particularly the general recommendations and concluding observations addressed to the state parties.Presented paper aims to answer the question what are obligations imposed on states by the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (1979) in relation to protection of women’s rights during the armed conflicts and peace process. Presented research is based on analysis of the practice of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, an independent control body established by the Convention to monitor implementation of its provisions by the state parties. The analysis of the Committee’s output is proceeded by the review of its control tools in order to assess their usefulness in process of verification how the states perform duties imposed on them by the Convention in such specific situation as armed conflict. The core part of presented research is based on analysis of decisions of this body, particularly the general recommendations and concluding observations addressed to the state parties

Fas and FasL expression on cells of two transplantable melanoma lines according to their different biological properties.

Fas and FasL interaction induces apoptotic cell death. In immunocompetent cells it plays a crucial role in the effector functions of the cells and in the regulation of host immune response. In tumours (e.g. melanoma), FasL expression possibly counteracts the Fas-positive effector T cells that infiltrate into tumours, and consequently the Fas/FasL interaction can contribute to the escape of tumour cells from the systemic immune response. In this study we examined differences in Fas and FasL expression on cells from the hamster melanotic melanoma line (Ma) and a more aggressive amelanotic melanoma line (Ab). We also tried to find out whether the Fas/FasL expression induces an ability to undergo spontaneous apoptosis in these two transplantable melanoma lines. Our previous studies have shown that cells of the Ma line have a higher ability to undergo spontaneous apoptosis than cells of the Ab line. Isolated transplantable melanoma cells were incubated for 4 and 24 hours and after that time the expression of Fas and FasL was estimated by flow cytometry. The results show that there was no Fas expression, although FasL was detected on both melanoma cell lines. Therefore the data reported by other authors indicate that a lack or a low level of Fas expression and an ectopic expression of FasL on melanoma cells can be an escape mechanism of the tumour, to avoid host immune responses. The content of FasL-positive melanotic melanoma cells was higher than in amelanotic melanoma cells and increased with the prolongation of the incubation time. FasL expression on amelanotic melanoma cells was detected after 24 hours at a level similar to that on melanotic melanoma cells after 4 hours incubation time. FasL expression on melanoma cells can induce apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells which are responsible for tumour cells elimination. The results obtained suggest that the Fas/FasL system does not play any significant role in spontaneous apoptosis of two melanoma cell lines. But these results may indicate the presence of immune privilege of tumour cells with FasL expression

Spontaneous apoptosis of melanotic and amelanotic melanoma cells in different phases of cell cycle: relation to tumor growth.

Since the spontaneous alteration of native melanotic (Ma) into amelanotic (Ab) transplantable melanoma line it has been observed that this alteration is accompanied by the acceleration of growth of Ab line. The aim of the present study was to check and estimate spontaneous apoptosis of cells from cell cycle phases. Cytometric cell cycle analysis was performed by staining cells with propidium iodide (PI). Apoptosis estimated by the TUNEL method, alterations in the plasma membrane structure (annexin V staining), changes in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential--delta psi m (JC-1 staining) showed that amelanotic melanoma cells have decreased ability to undergo spontaneous apoptosis. The obtained results showing that in the native melanotic line about 30% of cells are in S+G2/M phases and that 33% of these cells undergo apoptosis could lead to the conclusion that the slower growth of this melanoma line is the result of lower proliferation activity and higher rate of apoptosis of these tumor cells. The number of cells in S+G2/M phases in amelanotic melanoma line increases up to 40% and only 7% of them undergo apoptosis. This observation seems to suggest that the expansive growth of this melanoma line depends mainly on the decreased ability to undergo spontaneous apoptosis, especially in case of cells from S+G2/M phases. Moreover, the obtained results indicate that alteration of melanotic line into amelanotic one, accompanied by differences in many biological features also concerns basic cell processes such as cell cycle and cell death

The effect of different habitat conditions on temporal and spatial variation in selected population properties of the rare plant species Trollius europaeus L.

The investigations presented here were carried out in years 2013-14, in a Molinietumcaeruleae meadow with inter-rupted plant cover caused by animal activity (patch I); abandoned Molinietumcaeruleae meadows with untouched plant canopy, dominated by species with considerable height of the above-ground parts (patches II-VI); as well as the edge (patch VII) and the interior (patch VIII) of abirch woodlot. The height of standing vegetation and soil moisture increased in subsequent patches, whereas the light availability at ground level showed inverse tendency. The abundance of Trolliuseuropaeus subpopulations in all studied patches was rather low. In patch I, juvenile individuals dominated, while in other stands - flowering adults pre-vailed. The lack of temporal variability in the number of basal leaves observed in patches III, IV, V, VI and VII might be due to lack of available area necessary for clonal proliferation of ramets, while the increase of basal leaves number in other sites might suggest unlimited iterative growth. The dimensions of basal leaves in consecutive years were constant in majority of subpopulations, while they showed strong spatial variability increasing gradually from patch I to patch VII and, subsequently, decreasing in patch VIII. The substantial dimensions of basal leaves may enable better light capture in sites with great level of lateral shade, while smaller dimensions in patches located within a woodlot may be due to shade from above created by trees. Lack of temporal variability and presence of substantial spatial variability in the number and height of generative stems, as well as flower production might enhance chances for successful pollination in a competitive environment. Significant changes of follicle number in time and space suggest successful process of pollination in all patches excluding patch VIII. The weak condition of the ramet clusters in patch I is not compensated by considerable seedling recruitment, whereas the satisfactory state of the ramet clusters in patches II-VIII may not suffice for the long-term maintenance of populations in colonized areas

Nowe narzędzie indeksowania w bibliografii regionalnej – sprawozdanie z 35. Spotkania Zespołu ds. Bibliografii Regionalnej ZG SBP

..