International Refugee Law and Judicial Dialogue from the Polish Perspective

The monograph is a result of the project nr 10-ECRP-028 International Law through the National Prism: the Impact of Judicial Dialogue The research is based on laws being in force on 2nd August 201

Armed attack, non-state actors and a quest for the attribution standard

Article 51 of the UN Charter, in affi rming the inherent right of self-defence of each UN Member State “against which an armed attack has occurred”, clearly indicates that the concept of armed attack plays a key role in delineating the right of self-defence. The concept in question was not, however, defi ned in the UN Charter, and no universally acceptable defi nition has yet emerged either in practice or in doctrine. One of the fundamental questions to be addressed in this context is who must engage in armed activity for it to qualify as an armed attack. This question is of particular relevance today because of the threat of international terrorism and the expansion of the concept of armed attack through the inclusion of an act of terrorism. The article discusses in some detail the emerging legal framework for attribution of actions undertaken by non-state actors to states

Original sin reaffirmed : the Nicaragua judgement’s impact on the notion of armed attack as the most grave form of the use of force

This article is referenced to the thirtieth anniversary of the ICJ’s Nicaragua judgement on the merits of 1986. It acknowledges the significance of this much-debated judgement for the modern international law on the use of force (jus ad bellum). However the text focuses on one aspect of the judgement only, i.e. the definition of the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of force. The impact of the judgement in this respect is critically analysed. It is argued that the introduction to the UN Charter text of undefined notions of the use of force, aggression, and armed attack may be labelled as the “original sin” of contemporary jus ad bellum, as it results in conceptual obscurity. It is also claimed that the ICJ reaffirmed this original sin in its Nicaragua judgement because it explicitly argued for the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of armed force and, in consequence, distinguished it from the other, lesser forms of the use of force, while failing to introduce any sort of clarity in the conceptual ambiguity of jus ad bellum. The article also offers some remarks de lege ferenda and suggests abandoning the gravity criterion, which would require abandoning the well-established judicial and doctrinal interpretation approaches to jus ad bellum

Dostępność transportowa łódzkich centrów handlowych

The main factors of the location of shopping centres are as follows: road network, customer remoteness and free investment areas. Transport accessibility is the connecting element between the transport component and the market component. By means of accessibility, we can indicate the potential for interaction between the client and the shopping mall and their locations, and to what extent they can meet the needs of the residents. The main aim of the article is to show transport accessibility to shopping centres in Łódź, as well as to indicate the tendencies that determine their accessibility to distribution. The study included extremely precise information that illustrates the demographic potential of various transport basins. The analyses used research methods based on recognition and presentation of spatial phenomena in the ArcMap environment and statistical methods. The analyses included accessibility by: walking, cycling, individual car and public transport. The studies showed the diversification of transport accessibility to shopping centres according to their location. It was also shown which malls presented the greatest potential in terms of market size.Основные факторы детального размещения торговых центров включают: сеть дорог, близость клиентов и свободные территории застройки. Связующим звеном, соединяющим транспортный компонент с рыночным, является тран- спортная доступность. С его помощью можно указать, каким потенциалом для возникновения интеракции вдоль оси клиент-торговый центр располагают от- дельные локализации и в какой мере они могут удовлетворять потребности жителей. Основная цель статьи – указать транспортную доступность лодзин- ских торговых центров, а также тенденции, определяющие их достигаемость по отношению к размещению. В исследованиях учли необыкновенно четкую информацию, представляющую демографический потенциал отдельных тран- спортных бассейнов. В анализах использовали методы изучения, основанные на способах распознания и представления пространственных явлений в среде ArcMap, а также статистические методы. В анализы доступности включили сферы достигаемости: пешеходную, велосипедную, частную автомобильную и с использованием коммунального транспорта. Исследования указали диф- ференциацию транспортной доступности торговых центров в зависимости от их размещения. Указали тоже, что торговые центры демонстрируют самый высокий потенциал в отношении объема местного рынка

A shopping centre as a traffic-generating factor in car transport as exemplified by Port Łódź, Poland

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań dotyczących roli centrum handlowego jako czynnika ruchotwórczego w indywidualnym transporcie samochodowym, na przykładzie Portu Łódź – jednego z trzynastu tego typu obiektów w granicach Łodzi. Głównym celem opracowania jest określenie udziału ruchu samochodowego generowanego przez Port Łódź w potokach ruchu na lokalnej sieci dróg. Analiza została oparta na danych pochodzących z miejskiego systemu sterowania ruchem, a dokładnie z pętli indukcyjnych rozmieszczonych na sieci miejskich skrzyżowań.The article presents results of research devoted to the role of the shopping centre as a traffic-generating factor in individual-car transport. The research procedure was conducted in relation to Port Łódź, one of thirteen shopping centres within the boundaries of the Polish city of Łódź. The main aim has been to determine the share of car traffic generated by Port Łódź in the totality of traffic flows in the network of roads leading to the shopping centre. The analysis was based on data from the urban traffic control system or, to be precise, one of its subsystems which has access to information on spatial and time accessibility of the number of vehicles, transmitted from induction loops situated in the network of urban crossroads. The research focuses on defi ning potential and real traffic generation for weekdays and weekends, as well as during public holidays and festival days. The research allowed for verifi cation of one of the model approaches to the correlation between selected characteristics of shopping centres and the volume of traffic they generate. Results show that shopping centres located along exit roads on the city outskirts affect the road transport system, particularly by exciting car traffic (also during rush hours), retaining it during afternoon rush hours (thus contributing to an alleviation and extension in time) and, to a lesser extent, serving as an informal element of the Park&Ride system (in the case of centres characterised by good accessibility to public transport and a free car park)

Test Procedures for Synchronized Oscillators Network CMOS VLSI Chip

The paper presents test procedures designed for application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) CMOS VLSI chip that implements a synchronized oscillator neural network with a matrix size of 32×32 for object detecting in binary images. Networks of synchronized oscillators are recently developed tool for image segmentation and analysis. This paper briefly introduces synchronized oscillators network. Basic chip analog building blocks with their test procedures and measurements results are presented. In order to do measurements, special basic building blocks test structures have been implemented in the chip. It let compare Spectre simulations results to measurements results. Moreover, basic chip analog building blocks measurements give precious information about their imperfections caused by MOS transistor mismatch. This information is very usable during design and improvement of a special setup for chip functional tests. Improvement of the setup is a digitally assisted analog technique. It is an idea of oscillators tuning procedure. Such setup, oscillators tuning procedure and segmentation of a sample binary image are presented

Niepodatkowe należności budżetowe a prawo unijne

Wstąpienie Polski w struktury europejskie, obok beneficjów płynących z członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej, nałożyło na polskiego ustawodawcę szereg obowiązków wynikających z pierwotnego i wtórnego prawa unijnego. W artykule przedstawiono przypadek dodatkowego zobowiązania podatkowego w ustawie o VAT jako przykład wpływu prawa unijnego na krajowe prawo daniowe i krajowe instytucje prawnofinansowe.Publikacja dofinansowana przez Urząd Miasta Łodzi; Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

The sorcerer’s return : remarks on the judgement of the European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber in case of Lautsi v. Italy of 18 March 2011

The text comments on a judgement of the Grand Chamber of the ECtHR in case of Lautsi v. Italy of 18 March 2011. The case concerns the issue of compatibility of displaying a crucifix in an Italian public school classroom with the ECtHR standards. The Grand Chamber found no violation and reversed the previous Chamber’s judgement of 3 November 2009. The reasoning of the Grand Chamber was predominantly based on the doctrine of margin of appreciation. Thus, the text starts with the analysis of the margin of appreciation doctrine and claims that its application was a condition sine qua non to address the issues raised in the Lautsi case properly. Then, the Grand Chamber’s thesis that the crucifix displayed in a public place is a ‘passive symbol’ is challenged. Eventually the Lautsi dispute is framed within the two main social divisions of the contemporary Europe: the religious versus the secular on the one hand and the Christian tradition versus Islamic on the other