Stabilization of Liquid Outflow Speed From a Slotted Spray Nozzle

Unequal distribution of the liquid outflow from the slotted spray nozzle forms a wide spectrum of drops. This affects the level and uniformity of spraying and the degree of drip drift compensation. The purpose of the work was to determine a method of stabilizing the speed of liquid outflow from the nozzle. The result of the study was construction of a speed stabilizer - an insert mounted in the nozzle. Advantage of the patented design is, besides stabilizing the liquid outflow speed, also a uniform flux of liquid flow over the entire length of the nozzle

Wodopójki (Acari, Hydrachnidia) trzech rezerwatów krajobrazowo-leśnych Roztocza

The materials of water mites collected in 1973–1974 in aquatic environments of three nature reserves in Roztocze were characterized. The collections comprised 995 Hydrachnidia belonging to 49 species. Twenty-eight species were collected in the Nad Tanwią Reserve, 30 species – in the Czartowe Pole Reserve, and 24 species – in the Szum Reserve. The analyzed reserves cover short river sections, therefore, the evaluated fauna can be regarded as relatively rich. The fauna of the examined reserves included widely distributed species as well as species typical of montane and submontane areas. In the analyzed reserves, the water mite fauna was dominated by rheobionts and rheophiles, and it was characteristic of upland rivers in the Lublin Region. One species new to Poland was identified: Atractides albaruthenicus Cich. et Bies. A comparison of the water mite fauna from the Nad Tanwią Reserve with the materials collected in 2001–2002 points to a significant reduction in the number of water mite species and considerable changes in the structure of synecological groups.Opracowano zbiory wodopójek pochodzące z lat 1973–1974 ze środowisk wodnych trzech rezerwatów Roztocza. Łącznie zebrano 995 osobników Hydrachnidia należących do 49 gatunków. W rezerwacie Nad Tanwią stwierdzono 28 gatunków, w rezerwacie Czartowe Pole 30 gatunków i w rezerwacie Szum 24 gatunki. Ponieważ eksplorowane rezerwaty obejmują krótkie odcinki rzek, badaną faunę można ocenić jako stosunkowo bogatą. W strukturze faunistycznej, obok gatunków szeroko rozmieszczonych, wyróżniono gatunki górskie i podgórskie. Fauna wodopójek badanych rezerwatów była zdominowana przez reobionty i reofile. Można ją określić jako typową dla rzek wyżynnych Lubelszczyzny. Stwierdzono jeden gatunek nowy dla Polski: Atractides albaruthenicus Cich. et Bies. Porównując faunę wodopójek rezerwatu Nad Tanwią z materiałami zebranymi w latach 2001–2002, stwierdzono znaczne zmniejszenie liczby gatunków wodopójek oraz istotne zmiany w strukturze grup synekologicznych

The effect of the type of sprayer bodies on the obtained coefficient of variation of sprayed liquid deposition

In this work, the study results of retention uniformity of sprayed liquid deposition obtained from three kinds of nozzles mounted in sprayer bodies of various constructions were presented. For the tests, a five-spray body with a rotation axis of a spigot parallel to the sprayed surface, a three-spray body with a retention axis perpendicular to the sprayed surface and one-spray body were used. Changes in individual spraying nozzles were done by three operators. It was stated that the biggest differences in repeatability and reproducibility of adjustments were noted for five-spray bodies, however, minimum changes not exceeding the value of one percentage point were noted for single bodies. For triple bodies repeatability of obtained CV regardless of mounted nozzles changed maximum up to 1,5 percentage point and reproducibility of measurement changed from 0,5 to 0,8 percentage point.In this work, the study results of retention uniformity of sprayed liquid deposition obtained from three kinds of nozzles mounted in sprayer bodies of various constructions were presented. For the tests, a five-spray body with a rotation axis of a spigot parallel to the sprayed surface, a three-spray body with a retention axis perpendicular to the sprayed surface and one-spray body were used. Changes in individual spraying nozzles were done by three operators. It was stated that the biggest differences in repeatability and reproducibility of adjustments were noted for five-spray bodies, however, minimum changes not exceeding the value of one percentage point were noted for single bodies. For triple bodies repeatability of obtained CV regardless of mounted nozzles changed maximum up to 1,5 percentage point and reproducibility of measurement changed from 0,5 to 0,8 percentage point

Evaluation of the Heart Function of Swimmers Subjected to Exhaustive Repetitive Endurance Efforts During a 500-km Relay

Aim: Knowledge of the human body’s ability to adapt to repeated endurance efforts during swimming is limited. We echocardiographically assessed the impact of an exhausting and repetitive swimming effort on cardiac activity.Materials: Fourteen well-trained amateur swimmers (8 female swimmers aged 16–43 years and 6 male swimmers aged 13–67 years old) participated in an ultramarathon relay. Over 5 days, swimmers swam 500 km in the Warta River (in 5-km intervals). Each swimmer swam seven intervals, each within 44:46 to 60:02 min. Objective difficulties included low water temperatures, strong winds, rain, and night conditions.Methods: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed three times: at baseline (the day before exertion), at peak effort, and during recovery (48 h after the event). The heart rate (HR) of each swimmer was monitored.Results: Swimmers completed the ultramarathon relay within approximately 91 h. The average HR value at the end of each interval was 91% HRmax. TTE test results showed no significant changes indicative of deterioration of myocardial function at peak effort or after 48 h. Significant increases in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, LV fractional shortening (LVFS), LV myocardial systolic velocity, and right ventricular (RV) fractional area changes observed on day 2 after swimming were compared to baseline values and peak effort values. No significant changes in diastolic heart function were observed.Conclusion: Echocardiography assessment indicated that prolonged intense swimming does not affect LV or RV function. Supercompensation of the post-event RV function and increased global LV systolic function demonstrated ventricular interaction after prolonged intense swimming

Wodopójki (Hydrachnidia) rzek Biała Łada i Czarna Łada na Lubelszczyźnie

The collections of water mites (Hydrachnidia) from the years 1973 and 1974 of two upland rivers – the Biała and Czarna Łada (south-eastern Poland) were elaborated. Among 1,178 individuals, 43 species were distinguished: 34 species in the River Biała Łada and 27 in the River Czarna Łada. Rheophiles and rheobionts were dominating. Some mountain species, rare in the upland areas also occurred. Seasonal changes of numbers and clear negative impact of water pollution and hydrotechnical works on water mites were found in the studied rivers, too.Opracowano zbiory wodopójek (Hydrachnidia) z lat 1973 i 1974 dwu rzek wyżynnych – Białej Łady i Czarnej Łady (Polska południowo-wschodnia). Wśród 1178 osobników wyróżniono 43 gatunki:34 w Białej Ładzie i 27 w Czarnej Ładzie. Dominowały reofile i reobionty. Występowały także niektóre rzadkie na wyżynach gatunki górskie. Stwierdzono sezonowe zmiany liczebności oraz wyraźny negatywny wpływ na wodopójki zanieczyszczenia wody i zabiegów hydrotechnicznych w badanych rzekach

Water mites (Hydrachnidia) of the Biała Łada and Czarna Łada Rivers in the Lublin Region

The collections of water mites (Hydrachnidia) from the years 1973 and 1974 of two upland rivers – the Biała and Czarna Łada (south-eastern Poland) were elaborated. Among 1,178 individuals, 43 species were distinguished: 34 species in the River Biała Łada and 27 in the River Czarna Łada. Rheophiles and rheobionts were dominating. Some mountain species, rare in the upland areas also occurred. Seasonal changes of numbers and clear negative impact of water pollution and hydrotechnical works on water mites were found in the studied rivers, too.Opracowano zbiory wodopójek (Hydrachnidia) z lat 1973 i 1974 dwu rzek wyżynnych – Białej Łady i Czarnej Łady (Polska południowo-wschodnia). Wśród 1178 osobników wyróżniono 43 gatunki:34 w Białej Ładzie i 27 w Czarnej Ładzie. Dominowały reofile i reobionty. Występowały także niektóre rzadkie na wyżynach gatunki górskie. Stwierdzono sezonowe zmiany liczebności oraz wyraźny negatywny wpływ na wodopójki zanieczyszczenia wody i zabiegów hydrotechnicznych w badanych rzekach

PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF RIVETED JOINTS AT FEED FORCE

The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility of riveted joints in composites materials. Static tensile test method was used. In the test one type of glass fabric was used (Interglas 92140) from which two types of composite samples were prepared. In each sample the same type of fiber with the same fiber orientation – 3 layers - was used. The samples had dimensions of 100×100 mm and thickness of approximately 1 mm. The composite probes were located in a metal frame with a screw connection which was made of screws with nominal thread pitch M5. Screws were tightened with constant torque. It was to provide an axial force to the sample during the tensile test. The frame was placed between cross-bars of tensile machine INSTRON 8516. The samples were stretched at a speed of 0.05 mm/s at a distance up to 16 mm. During the tensile test displacement of the samples and pull force were registered. Depending on the fibre orientations and the value of feed force, damage models were described. On the basis of the results the possibility of usage of aluminium rivet nuts connections in composite materials was determined

Case Study of Composite Chassis Manufacturing Process Using Low Temperature Molds Tempered with Gradual Heat Annealing Process

This case study describes a manufacturing process of composite chassis also known as monocoque. The structure is made using carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) which are manufactured in out-of-autoclave (OOA) process from pre-impregnated carbon fabrics and aluminium alloy honeycomb core. Since the material cost is high the aim of the project was to reduce the cost of manufacturing process i.e. cost of models and moulds. Therefore, instead of high-temp models and moulds a cheaper alternative was used. It consisted of Styrofoam models made using polyurethane (PU) paste and moulds made from CFRP using wet layup process which were cured at room temperature. Such moulds had to be adapted to withstand high temperatures during pre-preg cure. This was done with gradual heat annealing process which increased the maximum service temperature from 45C to 90C. This was enough for the low-temp cure of pre-preg material, but it might be possible to increase the temperature even further. As a result, the cost of manufacturing process had been reduced by 50%

The Influence of Exercise Intensity on Tryptophan Metabolites in Thoroughbred Horses

Catabolism of tryptophan (Trp) is modulated by physical activity and provides a pool of active compounds: Trp is considered a calmative agent, kynurenine (Kyn) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HKyn) show neurotoxic effects, kynurenic acid (Kyna) and xanthurenic acid (XA) have neuroprotective properties like nicotinamide (NAm), while serotonin is the neurotransmitter. The study was conducted to investigate the dependence of exercise intensity, measured by plasma lactic acid (LA) concentration, on the level of Trp, its catabolites (serotonin, Kyn, 3-HKyn, Kyna and XA), and NAm in Thoroughbred horses. A total of 18 young race Thoroughbred horses were investigated during exercise tests. Blood samples for analysis were collected: at rest, 10 min after the end of the exercise, and 60 min after the end of the exercise. Plasma LA was determined by the enzymatic method, Trp, and other metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In horses performing intense exercise, the concentration of LA, Kyn, XA and NAm was increased, while Trp was decreased. Significant correlations were detected for exercise-induced increase in LA and 3-HKyn, XA, and NAm. Considering the scope of changes in analyzed data, there is an expected neutral effect on the health status of exercised horses