Multi-level analysis of the gut-brain axis shows autism spectrum disorder-associated molecular and microbial profiles

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by heterogeneous cognitive, behavioral and communication impairments. Disruption of the gut-brain axis (GBA) has been implicated in ASD although with limited reproducibility across studies. In this study, we developed a Bayesian differential ranking algorithm to identify ASD-associated molecular and taxa profiles across 10 cross-sectional microbiome datasets and 15 other datasets, including dietary patterns, metabolomics, cytokine profiles and human brain gene expression profiles. We found a functional architecture along the GBA that correlates with heterogeneity of ASD phenotypes, and it is characterized by ASD-associated amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid profiles predominantly encoded by microbial species in the genera Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, Desulfovibrio and Bacteroides and correlates with brain gene expression changes, restrictive dietary patterns and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles. The functional architecture revealed in age-matched and sex-matched cohorts is not present in sibling-matched cohorts. We also show a strong association between temporal changes in microbiome composition and ASD phenotypes. In summary, we propose a framework to leverage multi-omic datasets from well-defined cohorts and investigate how the GBA influences ASD

CONSISTENCY IN ASSESSING PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY ACCORDING TO REGIONAL AND SPECIALIZED CENTILE SCALES: A POPULATION-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUD

Background. Children with infantile cerebral palsy (ICP) often have a physical developmental delay due to protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The assessment of such abnormalities using different centile scales may lead to inconsistent results.Objective. Our aim was to study the consistency in assessing physical development of children with ICP using regional and specialized centile scales.Methods. The assessment of physical development with determination of the proportion of patients with PEM (weight-age and/or heightage values < 10th percentile) was carried out using regional centile scales and the Life Expectancy Project scales taking into account motor disorder levels (I–V) according to GMFCS. The assessment of motor disorders was performed by neurologists of healthcare organizations in 54 municipalities of the Sverdlovsk Region. The accounting period was from September 2016 to January 2017.Results. According to regional centile scales, PEM was identified in 272 (35.7%) children; according to the Life Expectancy Project scales — in 56 (7.4%) out of 761 children with ICP (McNemar's criterion, p < 0.001). Using regional scales the following results were registered: children with GMFCS I had PEM 5 times less than children with GMFCS V — 10 (12.5%) and 107 (66%) cases, respectively (ꭓ2 criterion, p < 0.001). When assessing physical development of children with specialized scales, PEM occurred in 4 (5%) patients with GMFCS I and 18 (11.1%) with GMFCS V (p < 0.001).Conclusion. Specialized scales for assessing physical development less often indicate the presence of PEM in children with ICP. When using regional and to a much lesser extent specialized centile scales, the detection rate for PEM cases depends on the level of motor disorders

Neurotoxic Complications of Chemotherapy in Children. Literature Review

The article provides the review of literature on the issue of neurotoxic complications of chemotherapy in children. The data search was carried out in the PubMed, CyberLeninka, RSCI databases and others. There are many works devoted to studying the distribution, structure, and clinical features of chemo-induced neurological disorders in modern literature. In general, analysis of literature has shown that the incidence of neurotoxic complications varies widely depending on the research methods and used chemo-ther-apeutic drugs. Manifestations of chemotherapy-induced neurological disorders are quite diverse and accompanied by the central and peripheral nervous system damage. However, it has been shown that the platinum-based drugs have effective ototoxic effect with the damage of the auditory nerve. The Vincristine often causes peripheral polyneuropathy. Methotrexate and Ifosfamide cause metabolic encephalopathy. Cytarabine’s neurotoxicity is the damage of the cerebellum. The addition of neurological symptoms leads to decrease in the quality of life of patients. Some studies present the results of study of the causes and pathogenetic manifestations of neurotoxic reactions, changes in the genome associated with the development of specific toxic effects are identified. Despite the fact that many pathogenetic mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxic complications have been revealed, the significance of laboratory predictors for prognosing and early assessment of these complications has not been essentially established yet, thus, there is the need for further study of this topic

Restore Blue Tungsten Oxide with Hydrogen

Studied the mechanism and kinetics of tungsten oxide recovery blue hydrogen and tungsten powder with options for unit surface for production of high quality tungsten wire.Изучены механизм и кинетика восстановления синего оксида вольфрама водородом и параметры получения вольфрамового порошка с удельной поверхностью, обеспечивающей производство непровисающей вольфрамовой проволоки

Restore Blue Tungsten Oxide with Hydrogen

Studied the mechanism and kinetics of tungsten oxide recovery blue hydrogen and tungsten powder with options for unit surface for production of high quality tungsten wire.Изучены механизм и кинетика восстановления синего оксида вольфрама водородом и параметры получения вольфрамового порошка с удельной поверхностью, обеспечивающей производство непровисающей вольфрамовой проволоки

Research of Mechanism and Kinetics of obtaining Tungsten Blue Oxide by Ammonium Paratungstate Tempering

Изучены механизм и кинетика получения синего оксида вольфрама прокалкой паравольфрамата аммония в «автогенной» атмосфере. Предложены оптимальные параметры процесса.Mechanism and kinetics of obtaining tungsten blue oxide by ammonium paratungstate tempering in autogenous atmosphere are researched. Optimal process characteristics proposed

Research of Mechanism and Kinetics of obtaining Tungsten Blue Oxide by Ammonium Paratungstate Tempering

Изучены механизм и кинетика получения синего оксида вольфрама прокалкой паравольфрамата аммония в «автогенной» атмосфере. Предложены оптимальные параметры процесса.Mechanism and kinetics of obtaining tungsten blue oxide by ammonium paratungstate tempering in autogenous atmosphere are researched. Optimal process characteristics proposed

Use of Infant Formulas in Obstetric Hospitals

The results of a questionnaire survey of mothers on the use of infant formulas at the obstetric hospital have been presented. Possible ways to improve the situation with the use of infant formulas in term infants at the obstetric hospital have been discussed. A high frequency of the use of formulas in healthy newborns at the obstetric hospital as well as the practice of issuing formulas as a gift on discharge from the obstetric hospital have been revealed. The literature data has been given on the negative effect of both unreasonable use of formulas and the issuance of formulas as a gift on discharge on the preservation of breastfeeding. It is expected that restricting the distribution of milk formulas without proper indications will lead to an increase in the prevalence of breastfeeding

CRISPR-Cas Systems in Gut Microbiome of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The human gut microbiome is associated with various diseases, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Variations of the taxonomical composition in the gut microbiome of children with ASD have been observed repeatedly. However, features and parameters of the microbiome CRISPR-Cas systems in ASD have not been investigated yet. Here, we demonstrate such an analysis in order to describe the overall changes in the microbiome CRISPR-Cas systems during ASD as well as to reveal their potential to be used in diagnostics and therapy. For the systems identification, we used a combination of the publicly available tools suited for completed genomes with subsequent filtrations. In the considered data, the microbiomes of children with ASD contained fewer arrays per Gb of assembly than the control group, but the arrays included more spacers on average. CRISPR arrays from the microbiomes of children with ASD differed from the control group neither in the fractions of spacers with protospacers from known genomes, nor in the sets of known bacteriophages providing protospacers. Almost all bacterial protospacers of the gut microbiome systems for both children with ASD and the healthy ones were located in prophage islands, leaving no room for the systems to participate in the interspecies competition

Нейротоксические осложнения химиотерапии у детей. Обзор литературы

The article provides the review of literature on the issue of neurotoxic complications of chemotherapy in children. The data search was carried out in the PubMed, CyberLeninka, RSCI databases and others. There are many works devoted to studying the distribution, structure, and clinical features of chemo-induced neurological disorders in modern literature. In general, analysis of literature has shown that the incidence of neurotoxic complications varies widely depending on the research methods and used chemo-ther-apeutic drugs. Manifestations of chemotherapy-induced neurological disorders are quite diverse and accompanied by the central and peripheral nervous system damage. However, it has been shown that the platinum-based drugs have effective ototoxic effect with the damage of the auditory nerve. The Vincristine often causes peripheral polyneuropathy. Methotrexate and Ifosfamide cause metabolic encephalopathy. Cytarabine’s neurotoxicity is the damage of the cerebellum. The addition of neurological symptoms leads to decrease in the quality of life of patients. Some studies present the results of study of the causes and pathogenetic manifestations of neurotoxic reactions, changes in the genome associated with the development of specific toxic effects are identified. Despite the fact that many pathogenetic mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxic complications have been revealed, the significance of laboratory predictors for prognosing and early assessment of these complications has not been essentially established yet, thus, there is the need for further study of this topic.В статье представлен обзор литературы по проблеме нейротоксических осложнений химиотерапии у детей, проведен поиск по базам данных PubMed, CyberLeninka, РИНЦ и др. В современной литературе много работ посвящено изучению распространения, структуры и клинической картины химиоиндуцированных неврологических расстройств. В целом анализ литературных источников показал, что частота встречаемости нейротоксических осложнений широко варьирует в зависимости от проводимых методов исследований и используемых химиотерапевтических препаратов. Проявления химиоиндуцированных неврологических расстройств достаточно разнообразны и сопровождаются поражением центральной и периферической нервной системы. Однако, показано, что препараты платины оказывают преимущественно ототоксическое действие с поражением слухового нерва. При лечении алкалоидами барвинка достаточно часто формируется периферическая полинейропатия. На фоне приема метотрексата и ифосфамида развивается метаболическая энцефалопатия. К основным проявлениям нейротоксичности препарата цитарабина относят поражение мозжечка. Присоединение неврологических симптомов снижает качество жизни пациентов, усугубляет течение основного заболевания и влияет на прогноз. В некоторых исследованиях представлены результаты изучения причин и патогенетических механизмов нейротоксических реакций, выявлены изменения генома, связанные с риском развития специфических токсических эффектов. Несмотря на то, что многие патогенетические механизмы химиоиндуцированных нейротоксических осложнений расшифрованы, значение лабораторных предикторов для прогнозирования и ранней оценки этих осложнений не установлено, что определяет направление дальнейшего изучения данной проблемы