26 research outputs found
ADMISSIBILITY OF INTERIM MEASURES IN CROATIAN LAW AND COURT PRACTICE
Bankarska garancija na poziv (dalje: BG) u hrvatskom i poredbenim pravima
jedno je od najÄeÅ”Äih sredstava osiguranja koje ima za cilj brzu i uÄinkovitu
isplatu novÄanog iznosa iz BG-a ako druga strana ne ispuni svoju ugovornu
obvezu. Ako banka izda BG, obveza banke na isplatu novÄanog iznosa iz BG-a je
samostalna, a ne akcesorna. Drugim rijeÄima, ako se ispune uvjeti iz BG-a banka
neÄe moÄi isticati prema korisniku prigovore iz temeljnoga posla. MoguÄnost
zloupotrebe prava na naplatu iznosa iz BG-a otvara pitanje do koje mjere treba
slijediti jedno od temeljnih naÄela kod BG-a āplati pa se sudiā. Stoga i ne Äudi da
je unatoÄ navedenim teorijskim koncepcijama o BG-u pred hrvatskim sudovima
zamjetan trend poveÄanja prijedloga za odreÄivanje privremenih mjera kod BGa,
a u novijoj hrvatskoj literaturi o tome se nije sustavno raspravljalo. Slijedom
navedenoga, autorice propitkuju dopustivost odreÄivanja privremenih mjera
kod BG-a, analiziraju pretpostavke za odreÄivanje privremenih mjera i daju
ocjenu postojeÄega stanja dovodeÄi u suodnos svrhu i temeljna naÄela BG-a sa
svrhom i pravilima OvrŔnog zakona o privremenim mjerama.is one of the most common security aimed at fast and efficient payment of amount
in BG in the event that the other party does not perform its contractual obligation.
If the bank issues a BG, the bankās obligation to pay the amount from the BG is
autonomus and it is not accessory. In other words, if the requirements from BG are
met, the bank will not be able to raise objections against the beneficiary from the
main business. The possibility of abuse of the right to collect amounts from BG
raises the question to what extent one of the basic principles of BG āpay first, sue
laterā should be followed. Therefore, it is not surprising that, despite the mentioned
theoretical conceptions of BG before the Croatian courts, there is a noticeable trend
of increasing proposals for the issuing of interim measures regarding BG, and this
has not been systematically discussed in the recent Croatian literature. Following
the above, the authors question the admissibility of issuing interim measure, analyze
the assumptions for issuing interim measures and give an assessment of the current
situation, correlating the purpose and basic principles of the BG with the purpose and
rules of the Enforcement Act on interim measures
The role of coronary computed tomography-angiography in post-procedural assessment of the coronary artery aneurysms: a case report
Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries detected by coronary computed tomography-angiography
Ferrocene Compounds. XXVI. C- and O-Ferrocenylalkylation of Methyl Salicylate
Reaction of equimolar amounts of methyl salicylate, sodium and N,N,N-trimethylferrocylammonium iodide (1a) in ethanol gave 55% of ethyl 1-ferrocenylethyl ether (4). By refluxing a solution of 9 mmol sodium and 3 mmol of FcCHRNMe3I (1a, R = H; 1b, R = Me; 1c, R = Ph) in a large excess of methyl salicylate for 2-3 hours, the corresponding methyl 5-ferrocylsalicylates (5) (10-23%) and methyl-3-ferrocylsalicylates (6) (12-20%) were obtained. During conversion of salt 1b, besides of 5b and 6b, 20% of vinylferrocene (7) and 6% of 1-ferrocenylethyl methyl ether (8) were isolated. Under the same conditions as in conversions 1 → 5, 6 2-ferrocenylethyl acetate (11) and methyl salicylate failed to react, and 2-ferrocenylethyl bromide (12) was transformed to 12% of methyl o-(2-ferrocenylethoxy)benzoate (13) and 25% of methyl 5-(2-ferroceny-lethyl)salicylate (14), as well as 10% of vinylferrocene (7). The mechanisms of reactions 1 → 5, 6 and 12 → 13, 14 are discussed, suggesting a stabilization effect by ferrocene nucleus in the intermediate α- and β-ferrocenyl carbocations
Smjernice za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje epilepsije
SAŽETAK
MeÄunarodne smjernice za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje epilepsija opÄenite su, sveobuhvatne i ne prepoznaju lokalne specifiÄnosti poput ekonomskih i tehniÄkih moguÄnosti u pojedinim državama, dostupnosti pojedinih antiepileptika ili drugih metoda lijeÄenja i sliÄno. Stoga se nameÄe potreba izrade nacionalnih smjernica, Äiji su zapravo temelj meÄunarodne smjernice Internacionalne lige protiv epilepsije. Hrvatske smjernice za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje epilepsija plod su suradnje svih relevantnih struÄnih druÅ”tava i referentnih centara u RH, na Äelu s Hrvatskom ligom protiv epilepsije te Hrvatskim neuroloÅ”kim druÅ”tvom i Hrvatskim druÅ”tvom za djeÄju neurologiju Hrvatskoga lijeÄniÄkog zbora, a odražavaju aktualne socioekonomske i regulatorne specifiÄnosti u naÅ”oj zemlji, najnovije spoznaje farmakoloÅ”kih profila i uÄinkovitosti pojedinih antiepileptika kao i ekspertna miÅ”ljenja. AntiepileptiÄka terapija se uvodi nakon postavljanja dijagnoze epilepsije, stoga profilaktiÄka primjena nije opravdana. Nakon postavljanja dijagnoze potrebno je bolesnika informirati o prognozi bolesti, moguÄnostima lijeÄenja i samopomoÄi, životnim ograniÄenjima te moguÄim neželjenim dogaÄajima. Ciljevi farmakoterapije epilepsija su potpuna kontrola napada uz izbjegavanje nuspojava te održavanje ili poboljÅ”anje kvalitete života. Zlatni standard lijeÄenja je monoterapija odnosno primjena adekvatnog antiepileptika u adekvatnoj dozi. Izbor i titracija lijeka su individualni, a temelje se na smjernicama za lijeÄenje pojedinih vrsta napada, karakteristikama bolesnika i regulatorno specifiÄnim Äimbenicima. Nakon neuspjeha inicijalne monoterapije, potrebna je reevalucija anamnestiÄkih i dijagnostiÄkih podataka te potom postupna i spora zamjena antiepileptika. Racionalna politerapija podrazumijeva kombinaciju dvaju antiepileptika razliÄitih mehanizama djelovanja, prvog ili eventualno drugog izbora za postavljenju dijagnozu, niskoga interakcijskog potencijala, razliÄitog profila nuspojava i sinergistiÄkog ili aditivnog djelovanja. Zamjena generiÄkih ili originalnog i generiÄkog oblika lijeka nije preporuÄljiva, a poglavito nakon postizanja remisije ili prilikom uzimanja visokih doza lijeka. Ukidanje antiepileptiÄke terapije treba biti postupno i sporo, u sluÄaju politerapije jedan po jedan lijek, a u donoÅ”enju odluke o ukidanju, kao i o uvoÄenju antiepileptika, mora biti ukljuÄen bolesnik i njegova obitelj
Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all
The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park āKopaÄki ritā, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and āVodovod-Osijekā -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS
Study of degradation pathways of active substances from the group of viral integrase inhibitors using in vitro and in silico tools
Za razvoj uÄinkovitega, varnega in kakovostnega zdravila je pomembno poznavanje lastnosti zdravilne uÄinkovine, med drugim tudi stabilnost zdravilne uÄinkovine v razliÄnih mikrookoljih. Ustrezno kakovost zdravilne uÄinkovine zagotavljamo tako, da postavimo specifikacijo zdravilne uÄinkovine, ki mora vsebovati tudi seznam neÄistot. Razgradni produkti med normalnim shranjevanjem obiÄajno nastajajo v zelo nizkih koncentracijah, zato v zgodnjih fazah razvoja morebitne razgradne produkte zdravilne uÄinkovine v veÄjih koliÄinah pridobimo z izvedbo stresnih testov. Pred izvedbo stresnih testov potencialne razgradne produkte skuÅ”amo napovedati z uporabo literaturnih podatkov ter kemijskega znanja, v zadnjem Äasu pa se vedno bolj uporabljajo tudi in silico orodja za napovedovanje razgradnih produktov.
Kabotegravir je nova zdravilna uÄinkovina iz skupine zaviralcev virusne integraze. V literaturi ni bilo na voljo podatkov o njegovi stabilnosti ter analizne metode za doloÄevanje vsebnosti kabotegravirja in njegovih neÄistot.
Namen naÅ”e raziskave je bila doloÄitev razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja z izvedbo stresnih testiranj zdravilne uÄinkovine, uporabo in silico orodij za napovedovanje razgradnih produktov ter razvoj analizne metode z vgrajeno kakovostjo Ā»Analytical Quality by DesignĀ« (AQbD) za doloÄevanje kabotegravirja in njegovih neÄistot. Na podlagi doloÄenih struktur izoliranih razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja smo želeli tudi doloÄiti mehanizme razgradnje kabotegravirja pri razliÄnih pogojih mikrookolja.
V uvodu, ki sestoji iz dveh uvodnih poglavij, je opisano stanje znanosti in stroke na podroÄju kabotegravirja do priÄetka naÅ”ih raziskav ter osnove poteka razvoja analiznih metod z vgrajeno kakovostjo.
V prvem poglavju raziskovalnega dela je predstavljena izvedba stresnih testov in izolacija ter doloÄitev struktur glavnih razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja. Na podlagi struktur izoliranih razgradnih produktov smo definirali glavne razgradne poti kabotegravirja v kislem in pod oksidativnimi pogoji ter na podlagi razliÄnih Å”tudij predlagali mehanizme razgradnje kabotegravirja.
V drugem poglavju raziskovalnega dela je opisan potek razvoja analizne metode z vgrajeno kakovostjo za doloÄevanje vsebnosti kabotegravirja in njegovih osmih neÄistot. Izvedli smo zaÄetne presejalne teste, optimizacijo in testiranje robustnosti metode. Na podlagi rezultatov in pridobljenih matematiÄnih modelov smo doloÄili delovno obmoÄje metode (MODR), znotraj katerega smo definirali delovno toÄko delovanja metode. Izvedena je bila validacija analizne metode v tej toÄki.
V tretjem poglavju je predstavljena uporaba in silico orodja Zeneth na primeru napovedovanja razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja. V primeru kabotegravirja, in silico napovedovanje razgradnih produktov ni bilo uspeÅ”no, saj program ni napovedal nobenega od Å”tirih izoliranih razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja. Rezultati Å”tudije razgradnje kabotegravirja, ki so bili javno objavljeni, lahko pripomorejo k Å”irjenju knjižnice znanja in silico orodij in s tem izboljÅ”anju napovedne moÄi orodij za napovedovanje razgradnih produktov.Knowledge of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) properties, including the stability of the API in different micro-environments, is important for the development of an effective, safe and quality medicinal product. The appropriate quality of the API is ensured by setting a specification of the API, which should also contain a list of impurities. Degradation products during normal storage usually occur at very low concentrations, therefore, to obtain large quantities of degradation products in the early stages of development, stress stability testing is performed. Before carrying out stress stability testing, we try to predict potential degradation products using literature data and chemical knowledge, and more recently also in silico tools for predicting degradation products.
Cabotegravir is a new API from the group of viral integrase inhibitors. There was no data on its stability available in the literature, nor was an analytical method available to determine cabotegravir assay and determination of its impurities.
The purpose of our research was to determine the degradation products of cabotegravir by conducting stress tests of the API, using in silico tools for predicting degradation products and developing an analytical method using the AQbD principles for determining of cabotegravir assay and determination of its impurities. We also aimed to determine the degradation mechanisms of cabotegravir under different micro-environmental conditions based on the determined structures of isolated cabotegravir degradation products.
The Introduction, that consists of two introductory chapters presents available knowledge in the field of cabotegravir until the beginning of our research and the basics of the development of analytical methods using AQbD principles.
In the first chapter of the research work, the performance of stress tests, the isolation and determination of the structures of the main degradation products of the cabotegravir are presented. Based on the structures of the isolated degradation products, we defined the main degradation pathways of cabotegravir under acidic and oxidative conditions and based on different additional studies proposed degradation mechanisms of cabotegravir.
The second chapter of the research work describes the development of an AQbD analytical method for the determination of cabotegravir assay and its eight impurities. We performed initial screening, optimization and robustness testing of the method. Based on the results and the mathematical models obtained, we determined the method operating design room (MODR) within which we defined the method\u27s optimal operating point. A validation of the analytical method was performed at that point.
Chapter 3 presents the application of the in silico tool Zeneth in a case study of cabotegravir API degradation. In the case of cabotegravir, in silico prediction of the degradation products was not successful as the software did not predict any of the four isolated cabotegravir degradation products. The results of the cabotegravir degradation study that have been made public can help to expand the knowledge library of in silico tools and thereby improve the predictive power of degradation product prediction tools