ADMISSIBILITY OF INTERIM MEASURES IN CROATIAN LAW AND COURT PRACTICE

Bankarska garancija na poziv (dalje: BG) u hrvatskom i poredbenim pravima jedno je od najčešćih sredstava osiguranja koje ima za cilj brzu i učinkovitu isplatu novčanog iznosa iz BG-a ako druga strana ne ispuni svoju ugovornu obvezu. Ako banka izda BG, obveza banke na isplatu novčanog iznosa iz BG-a je samostalna, a ne akcesorna. Drugim riječima, ako se ispune uvjeti iz BG-a banka neće moći isticati prema korisniku prigovore iz temeljnoga posla. Mogućnost zloupotrebe prava na naplatu iznosa iz BG-a otvara pitanje do koje mjere treba slijediti jedno od temeljnih načela kod BG-a „plati pa se sudi“. Stoga i ne čudi da je unatoč navedenim teorijskim koncepcijama o BG-u pred hrvatskim sudovima zamjetan trend povećanja prijedloga za određivanje privremenih mjera kod BGa, a u novijoj hrvatskoj literaturi o tome se nije sustavno raspravljalo. Slijedom navedenoga, autorice propitkuju dopustivost određivanja privremenih mjera kod BG-a, analiziraju pretpostavke za određivanje privremenih mjera i daju ocjenu postojećega stanja dovodeći u suodnos svrhu i temeljna načela BG-a sa svrhom i pravilima Ovršnog zakona o privremenim mjerama.is one of the most common security aimed at fast and efficient payment of amount in BG in the event that the other party does not perform its contractual obligation. If the bank issues a BG, the bank’s obligation to pay the amount from the BG is autonomus and it is not accessory. In other words, if the requirements from BG are met, the bank will not be able to raise objections against the beneficiary from the main business. The possibility of abuse of the right to collect amounts from BG raises the question to what extent one of the basic principles of BG “pay first, sue later” should be followed. Therefore, it is not surprising that, despite the mentioned theoretical conceptions of BG before the Croatian courts, there is a noticeable trend of increasing proposals for the issuing of interim measures regarding BG, and this has not been systematically discussed in the recent Croatian literature. Following the above, the authors question the admissibility of issuing interim measure, analyze the assumptions for issuing interim measures and give an assessment of the current situation, correlating the purpose and basic principles of the BG with the purpose and rules of the Enforcement Act on interim measures

Ferrocene Compounds. XXVI. C- and O-Ferrocenylalkylation of Methyl Salicylate

Reaction of equimolar amounts of methyl salicylate, sodium and N,N,N-trimethylferrocylammonium iodide (1a) in ethanol gave 55% of ethyl 1-ferrocenylethyl ether (4). By refluxing a solution of 9 mmol sodium and 3 mmol of FcCHRNMe3I (1a, R = H; 1b, R = Me; 1c, R = Ph) in a large excess of methyl salicylate for 2-3 hours, the corresponding methyl 5-ferrocylsalicylates (5) (10-23%) and methyl-3-ferrocylsalicylates (6) (12-20%) were obtained. During conversion of salt 1b, besides of 5b and 6b, 20% of vinylferrocene (7) and 6% of 1-ferrocenylethyl methyl ether (8) were isolated. Under the same conditions as in conversions 1 → 5, 6 2-ferrocenylethyl acetate (11) and methyl salicylate failed to react, and 2-ferrocenylethyl bromide (12) was transformed to 12% of methyl o-(2-ferrocenylethoxy)benzoate (13) and 25% of methyl 5-(2-ferroceny-lethyl)salicylate (14), as well as 10% of vinylferrocene (7). The mechanisms of reactions 1 → 5, 6 and 12 → 13, 14 are discussed, suggesting a stabilization effect by ferrocene nucleus in the intermediate α- and β-ferrocenyl carbocations

Smjernice za farmakološko liječenje epilepsije

SAŽETAK Međunarodne smjernice za farmakološko liječenje epilepsija općenite su, sveobuhvatne i ne prepoznaju lokalne specifičnosti poput ekonomskih i tehničkih mogućnosti u pojedinim državama, dostupnosti pojedinih antiepileptika ili drugih metoda liječenja i slično. Stoga se nameće potreba izrade nacionalnih smjernica, čiji su zapravo temelj međunarodne smjernice Internacionalne lige protiv epilepsije. Hrvatske smjernice za farmakološko liječenje epilepsija plod su suradnje svih relevantnih stručnih društava i referentnih centara u RH, na čelu s Hrvatskom ligom protiv epilepsije te Hrvatskim neurološkim društvom i Hrvatskim društvom za dječju neurologiju Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, a odražavaju aktualne socioekonomske i regulatorne specifičnosti u našoj zemlji, najnovije spoznaje farmakoloških profila i učinkovitosti pojedinih antiepileptika kao i ekspertna mišljenja. Antiepileptička terapija se uvodi nakon postavljanja dijagnoze epilepsije, stoga profilaktička primjena nije opravdana. Nakon postavljanja dijagnoze potrebno je bolesnika informirati o prognozi bolesti, mogućnostima liječenja i samopomoći, životnim ograničenjima te mogućim neželjenim događajima. Ciljevi farmakoterapije epilepsija su potpuna kontrola napada uz izbjegavanje nuspojava te održavanje ili poboljšanje kvalitete života. Zlatni standard liječenja je monoterapija odnosno primjena adekvatnog antiepileptika u adekvatnoj dozi. Izbor i titracija lijeka su individualni, a temelje se na smjernicama za liječenje pojedinih vrsta napada, karakteristikama bolesnika i regulatorno specifičnim čimbenicima. Nakon neuspjeha inicijalne monoterapije, potrebna je reevalucija anamnestičkih i dijagnostičkih podataka te potom postupna i spora zamjena antiepileptika. Racionalna politerapija podrazumijeva kombinaciju dvaju antiepileptika različitih mehanizama djelovanja, prvog ili eventualno drugog izbora za postavljenju dijagnozu, niskoga interakcijskog potencijala, različitog profila nuspojava i sinergističkog ili aditivnog djelovanja. Zamjena generičkih ili originalnog i generičkog oblika lijeka nije preporučljiva, a poglavito nakon postizanja remisije ili prilikom uzimanja visokih doza lijeka. Ukidanje antiepileptičke terapije treba biti postupno i sporo, u slučaju politerapije jedan po jedan lijek, a u donošenju odluke o ukidanju, kao i o uvođenju antiepileptika, mora biti uključen bolesnik i njegova obitelj

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS

Study of degradation pathways of active substances from the group of viral integrase inhibitors using in vitro and in silico tools

Za razvoj učinkovitega, varnega in kakovostnega zdravila je pomembno poznavanje lastnosti zdravilne učinkovine, med drugim tudi stabilnost zdravilne učinkovine v različnih mikrookoljih. Ustrezno kakovost zdravilne učinkovine zagotavljamo tako, da postavimo specifikacijo zdravilne učinkovine, ki mora vsebovati tudi seznam nečistot. Razgradni produkti med normalnim shranjevanjem običajno nastajajo v zelo nizkih koncentracijah, zato v zgodnjih fazah razvoja morebitne razgradne produkte zdravilne učinkovine v večjih količinah pridobimo z izvedbo stresnih testov. Pred izvedbo stresnih testov potencialne razgradne produkte skušamo napovedati z uporabo literaturnih podatkov ter kemijskega znanja, v zadnjem času pa se vedno bolj uporabljajo tudi in silico orodja za napovedovanje razgradnih produktov. Kabotegravir je nova zdravilna učinkovina iz skupine zaviralcev virusne integraze. V literaturi ni bilo na voljo podatkov o njegovi stabilnosti ter analizne metode za določevanje vsebnosti kabotegravirja in njegovih nečistot. Namen naše raziskave je bila določitev razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja z izvedbo stresnih testiranj zdravilne učinkovine, uporabo in silico orodij za napovedovanje razgradnih produktov ter razvoj analizne metode z vgrajeno kakovostjo »Analytical Quality by Design« (AQbD) za določevanje kabotegravirja in njegovih nečistot. Na podlagi določenih struktur izoliranih razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja smo želeli tudi določiti mehanizme razgradnje kabotegravirja pri različnih pogojih mikrookolja. V uvodu, ki sestoji iz dveh uvodnih poglavij, je opisano stanje znanosti in stroke na področju kabotegravirja do pričetka naših raziskav ter osnove poteka razvoja analiznih metod z vgrajeno kakovostjo. V prvem poglavju raziskovalnega dela je predstavljena izvedba stresnih testov in izolacija ter določitev struktur glavnih razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja. Na podlagi struktur izoliranih razgradnih produktov smo definirali glavne razgradne poti kabotegravirja v kislem in pod oksidativnimi pogoji ter na podlagi različnih študij predlagali mehanizme razgradnje kabotegravirja. V drugem poglavju raziskovalnega dela je opisan potek razvoja analizne metode z vgrajeno kakovostjo za določevanje vsebnosti kabotegravirja in njegovih osmih nečistot. Izvedli smo začetne presejalne teste, optimizacijo in testiranje robustnosti metode. Na podlagi rezultatov in pridobljenih matematičnih modelov smo določili delovno območje metode (MODR), znotraj katerega smo definirali delovno točko delovanja metode. Izvedena je bila validacija analizne metode v tej točki. V tretjem poglavju je predstavljena uporaba in silico orodja Zeneth na primeru napovedovanja razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja. V primeru kabotegravirja, in silico napovedovanje razgradnih produktov ni bilo uspešno, saj program ni napovedal nobenega od štirih izoliranih razgradnih produktov kabotegravirja. Rezultati študije razgradnje kabotegravirja, ki so bili javno objavljeni, lahko pripomorejo k širjenju knjižnice znanja in silico orodij in s tem izboljšanju napovedne moči orodij za napovedovanje razgradnih produktov.Knowledge of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) properties, including the stability of the API in different micro-environments, is important for the development of an effective, safe and quality medicinal product. The appropriate quality of the API is ensured by setting a specification of the API, which should also contain a list of impurities. Degradation products during normal storage usually occur at very low concentrations, therefore, to obtain large quantities of degradation products in the early stages of development, stress stability testing is performed. Before carrying out stress stability testing, we try to predict potential degradation products using literature data and chemical knowledge, and more recently also in silico tools for predicting degradation products. Cabotegravir is a new API from the group of viral integrase inhibitors. There was no data on its stability available in the literature, nor was an analytical method available to determine cabotegravir assay and determination of its impurities. The purpose of our research was to determine the degradation products of cabotegravir by conducting stress tests of the API, using in silico tools for predicting degradation products and developing an analytical method using the AQbD principles for determining of cabotegravir assay and determination of its impurities. We also aimed to determine the degradation mechanisms of cabotegravir under different micro-environmental conditions based on the determined structures of isolated cabotegravir degradation products. The Introduction, that consists of two introductory chapters presents available knowledge in the field of cabotegravir until the beginning of our research and the basics of the development of analytical methods using AQbD principles. In the first chapter of the research work, the performance of stress tests, the isolation and determination of the structures of the main degradation products of the cabotegravir are presented. Based on the structures of the isolated degradation products, we defined the main degradation pathways of cabotegravir under acidic and oxidative conditions and based on different additional studies proposed degradation mechanisms of cabotegravir. The second chapter of the research work describes the development of an AQbD analytical method for the determination of cabotegravir assay and its eight impurities. We performed initial screening, optimization and robustness testing of the method. Based on the results and the mathematical models obtained, we determined the method operating design room (MODR) within which we defined the method\u27s optimal operating point. A validation of the analytical method was performed at that point. Chapter 3 presents the application of the in silico tool Zeneth in a case study of cabotegravir API degradation. In the case of cabotegravir, in silico prediction of the degradation products was not successful as the software did not predict any of the four isolated cabotegravir degradation products. The results of the cabotegravir degradation study that have been made public can help to expand the knowledge library of in silico tools and thereby improve the predictive power of degradation product prediction tools