Gas Emmision Testing of Fuel Based Vehicles at Banda Aceh, Indonesia

A gas emmision decent testing of vehicles based on fuel has been done by EIA (Environmental Impact and Analysis). It is important to do the testing to determine the vehicles meet the technical requirements and road-worthy. The results showed that for 1.572 vehicles which is performing emissions testing have obtained 11% that could be potentially pollute the air on vehicles that using gasoline, and 42% on vehicles that using diesel. Based on the total number of four-wheeled vehicles that performed emissions testing in the city of Banda Aceh showed that 82% environmentally friendly vehicles and 18% potentially pollute the air

Prevalence and Predictors of Reincarceration after Correctional Center Release : A Population-based Comparison of Individuals with and without Schizophrenia in Ontario, Canada: Prévalence et prédicteurs de la réincarcération après la libération d’un centre correctionnel : une comparaison dans la population-de personnes souffrant ou non de schizophrénie en Ontario, Canada

Objectives: Individuals with schizophrenia are overrepresented in correctional facilities relative to their population-based prevalence. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and predictors of reincarceration of individuals with schizophrenia after release from correctional facilities. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that included all people released from Ontario’s provincial correctional facilities from January 1 to December 31, 2010. Individuals with schizophrenia were identified using a population-based algorithm. The primary outcome was time to reincarceration. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, neighborhood income quintile, urban/rural residence), health service utilization (primary care physician visits, psychiatrist visits, psychiatric and nonpsychiatric hospitalizations, emergency department visits), and other clinical comorbidity. Survival analysis was used to examine the association between schizophrenia and reincarceration. Results: Among 46,928 individuals, N = 3,237 (7%) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Approximately 67.5% of these individuals were reincarcerated within 5 years following their first release in 2010, compared to 58.8% of individuals without schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia were 40% (HR = 1.39, 95% CI, 1.33 to 1.45) more likely to be reincarcerated following release than the control group after adjusting for demographic characteristics. This association reduced to 8% (HR = 1.08, 95% CI,1.03 to 1.14) after adjusting for prior health service utilization, prior correctional involvement, and comorbidities. Conclusion: Individuals with schizophrenia were more likely to experience reincarceration after release from correctional facilities. This risk is partly explained by prior correctional involvement, health service utilization, and comorbidities. Future research should focus on risk factors predicting the higher reincarceration rate and interventions to reduce correctional involvement

Intimate Partner Violence as a Risk Factor for Incident HIV Infection in Women in Rakai, Uganda

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem, which has been associated with HIV infection. Previous studies that assessed IPV and HIV have been limited. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to quantify the association between IPV and incident HIV infection in women in Rakai, Uganda. Secondary objectives were to explore whether condom use and number of partners in the past year mediate this association, and to identify risk factors for IPV. Methods: Data were collected over seven rounds of the Rakai Community Cohort Study between 2000 and 2009. Sexually active women aged 15 to 49 were included in analyses. Longitudinal data analysis was used to quantify the association between IPV and incident HIV infection, modelling participants as random effects. The adjusted population attributable risk fraction was calculated using an adjusted relative risk from a Poisson model. Putative mediators were assessed using Baron and Kenny’s criteria and the Sobel-Goodman test. Longitudinal and non-longitudinal analyses were used to assess predictors of IPV. Results: Women who experienced IPV ever had an odds ratio of incident HIV infection of 1.54 (95% CI 1.14, 2.09, p value 0.01), compared with women who had never experienced IPV. The adjusted population attributable risk fraction of incident HIV during the study period attributable to IPV ever was 14.3% (95% CI 2.8, 23.6). There was no evidence that condom use or partner violence in the past year mediated the relationship between IPV and HIV. Risk factors for IPV included sexual abuse, younger age at first sex, lower levels of education, forced first sex, younger age, being married, relationship of shorter duration, alcohol use by women and by their partners, and thinking that violence is acceptable. Discussion: This study demonstrates that IPV is associated with incident HIV infection in a population-based cohort in Uganda, although the population attributable risk fraction was modest. The prevention of IPV both in early sexual experiences and in adulthood should be a public health priority, and could contribute to HIV prevention. Further research is needed to understand the pathway from IPV to HIV infection.Ph

Intimate partner violence is associated with HIV infection in women in Kenya: A cross-sectional analysis

Abstract Background The relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and women’s risk of HIV infection has attracted much recent attention, with varying results in terms of whether there is an association and what the magnitude of association is. Understanding this relationship is important for HIV surveillance and intervention programs. Methods We analyzed data from the 2008-2009 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Kenya, on 1,904 women aged 15-49. A generalized linear mixed model was adapted to explore the relationship between IPV and HIV prevalence, controlling for sociodemographic variables, and treating DHS survey clusters, province and ethnicity as random effects. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to calculate a single IPV score for each woman. The effect of HIV risk behaviours on the association between IPV and HIV was also assessed. Results Controlling for relevant sociodemographic factors, we found that HIV risk was significantly associated with IPV (P <0.01). After adjustment for risk factors as well as sociodemographic variables, the positive association between IPV and HIV remained significant (P=0.035). The estimated effect size of this model corresponds to an odds ratio of 1.55 for HIV infection comparing a woman who experienced no IPV and a woman at the 95th percentile for our IPV index. Conclusion This study provides further evidence that IPV and HIV are associated. In addition, we found that this association remains even when we controlled for several HIV risk factors. This implies that IPV can be used as a marker of potential HIV risk, and may be causally associated with HIV risk. Further, these results suggest that IPV monitoring and prevention may have a useful role in HIV prevention in Kenya. Further research, ideally based on longitudinal observations, is needed to disentangle these relationships

Research on the health of people who experience detention or incarceration in Canada: a scoping review

Background: We conducted a scoping review to define the extent and type of quantitative health status research conducted from 1993 to 2014 with people who have experienced detention or incarceration in correctional facilities in Canada. Methods: We searched 15 databases, reviewed reference lists and relevant websites, and consulted with key stakeholders to identify eligible studies. We reviewed records for eligibility and extracted relevant data from eligible articles. Results: We identified 194 studies that were eligible for inclusion. Most studies were conducted with males and with persons in federal facilities, and focused on mental health, substance use, and social determinant of health outcomes. Conclusions: Health status data are limited for several outcomes, such as chronic disease, injury and sexual and reproductive health, and for persons in provincial facilities and post-release. Efforts should be made to improve data collection and knowledge dissemination, so that relevant data can be used more effectively to improve health and health care in this population.This study was funded by a Planning Grant from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. It was also supported by the Centre for Research on Inner City Health (CRICH), which is part of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital. Fiona Kouyoumdjian receives salary support from a Fellowship from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research

The voluntary HIV counselling and testing service in Kenema District, Sierra Leone, 2004-2006: a descriptive study

Abstract Background Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is an important component of national HIV programs, which are necessary to realize the right to health. VCT data also provide valuable information on regional HIV epidemiology. Methods The study examines data on the population that obtained HIV VCT in Kenema District, Sierra Leone, from 2004 to 2006, using descriptive statistics and exploring potential HIV risk factors using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Analysis was performed separately for two subpopulations: those accessing VCT routinely as part of antenatal care and those specifically seeking VCT. Results During this period, 2230 people accessed VCT: 1213 through antenatal testing and 1017 specifically seeking VCT. The HIV prevalence was 0.6% in women presenting for antenatal care, 12.6% in women specifically accessing VCT, and 6.7% in men specifically accessing VCT. In both bivariate and multivariable analyses, being female was statistically significantly associated with testing positive in people specifically seeking VCT. Conclusions These data from the VCT service in Kenema will be used to improve the accessibility of HIV testing. Questions raised by the analysis will be used to enhance data collection and to inform further research on risk factors.</p

The voluntary HIV counselling and testing service in Kenema District, Sierra Leone, 2004-2006: a descriptive study

Abstract Background Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is an important component of national HIV programs, which are necessary to realize the right to health. VCT data also provide valuable information on regional HIV epidemiology. Methods The study examines data on the population that obtained HIV VCT in Kenema District, Sierra Leone, from 2004 to 2006, using descriptive statistics and exploring potential HIV risk factors using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Analysis was performed separately for two subpopulations: those accessing VCT routinely as part of antenatal care and those specifically seeking VCT. Results During this period, 2230 people accessed VCT: 1213 through antenatal testing and 1017 specifically seeking VCT. The HIV prevalence was 0.6% in women presenting for antenatal care, 12.6% in women specifically accessing VCT, and 6.7% in men specifically accessing VCT. In both bivariate and multivariable analyses, being female was statistically significantly associated with testing positive in people specifically seeking VCT. Conclusions These data from the VCT service in Kenema will be used to improve the accessibility of HIV testing. Questions raised by the analysis will be used to enhance data collection and to inform further research on risk factors

Physician prescribing of opioid agonist treatments in provincial correctional facilities in Ontario, Canada: A survey.

Substance use and substance use disorders are common in people who experience detention or incarceration in Canada, and opioid agonist treatment (OAT) may reduce the harms associated with substance use disorders. We aimed to define current physician practice in provincial correctional facilities in Ontario with respect to prescribing OAT and to identify potential barriers and facilitators to prescribing OAT.We invited all physicians practicing in the 26 provincial correctional facilities for adults in Ontario to participate in an online survey.Twenty-seven physicians participated, with representation from most correctional facilities in Ontario. Of participating physicians, 52% reported prescribing methadone and 48% reported prescribing buprenorphine/naloxone to patients in provincial correctional facilities. Nineteen percent of participants reported initiating methadone treatment and 11% reported initiating buprenorphine/naloxone for patients in custody. Participants identified multiple barriers to initiating OAT in provincial correctional facilities including concerns about medication diversion and safety, concerns about initiating treatment in patients who are not currently using opioids, lack of linkage with community-based providers and the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services policy. Identified facilitators to initiating OAT were support from institutional health care staff and administrative staff, adequate resources for program delivery and access to linkage with community-based OAT providers.This study identifies opportunities to improve OAT programs and to improve access to OAT for persons in provincial correctional facilities in Ontario