Raças de Xanthomonas spp. associadas à mancha-bacteriana em tomate para processamento industrial no Brasil Races of Xanthomonas spp. associated to bacterial spot in processing tomatoes in Brazil

A grande diversidade genética dos agentes causadores da mancha-bacteriana dificulta sobremaneira o desenvolvimento de variedades de pimentão e tomate com resistência durável. Setenta e dois isolados de Xanthomonas spp. provenientes de campos comerciais de tomate para processamento industrial dos estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco e Bahia foram classificados em raças com base nas reações de genótipos diferenciais de tomateiro (Walter, Hawaii 7998 e NIL 216) e de Capsicum (ECW [Early Calwonder], ECW-10R, ECW-20R, ECW-30R e PI235047). As plantas foram inoculadas no estádio de três a cinco folhas verdadeiras por infiltração de suspensão bacteriana (5 ´ 10(8) UFC/ml) na superfície abaxial da folha. Em seguida, foram mantidas em câmara de crescimento em fotoperíodo de 12 h/12 h (luz/escuro) a 28ºC. A reação de hipersensibilidade foi observada até 36 horas após a inoculação, dependendo do genótipo da hospedeira. Foram identificadas as raças T1P2, T1P8 e T3 em X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria; a raça T2 em X. vesicatoria; e as raças T2P7 e T2P8 em X. gardneri. A presença dos genes avrRxv e avrXv3 nos isolados que causaram reação de hipersensibilidade em 'Hawaii 7998' (raça T1) e 'NIL 216' (raça T3), respectivamente, foi confirmada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) usando iniciadores específicos. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência no Brasil das raças T3, T1P8, T2P7 e T2P8.<br>The great genetic diversity of the causal agents of bacterial spot is the main problem to the development of tomato and pepper varieties with durable resistance. Seventy two strains of Xanthomonas spp. collected from commercial fields of processing tomatoes in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, and Bahia were classified in races according to their reactions on differential genotypes of tomato (Walter, Hawaii 7998 and NIL 216) and Capsicum [ECW (Early Calwonder), ECW-10R, ECW-20R, ECW-30R and PI 235047]. Bacterial suspensions (5 ´ 10(8) UFC/ml) were infiltrated in the abaxial leaf face of the plants at the three to five true-leaf stage. The plants were then kept in a growth chamber at 28ºC and a 12-h light/dark photoperiod. The response reactions were observed up to 36 hours after inoculation, depending on the genotype. Races T1P2, T1P8 and T3 were identified in X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria; race T2 in X. vesicatoria; and races T2P7 e T2P8 in 'X. gardneri'. The presence of genes avrRxv and avrXv3 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers in strains that produced hypersensitive reaction on 'Hawaii 7998' (races T1) and 'NIL 216' (race T3), respectively. This is the first report of races T3, T1P8, T2P7 and T2P8 in Brazil

Effects of double-stranded RNA on virulence of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci strain B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Bands of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were detected in three out of twelve isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Identity of these bands was confirmed by RNAse, DNAse and S1 nuclease treatments. The cure of dsRNA for one isolate (P92) was successfully carried out for a single conidium subculture. Isogenic strains, with or without dsRNA, were submitted to virulence tests against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci strain B. In contrast to findings for some phytopathogenic fungi, these dsRNA fragments did not cause hypovirulence in P. fumosoroseus.<br>Bandas de dsRNA foram detectadas em três dos doze isolados de Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. A identidade destas bandas foi provada através de tratamentos com RNAse, DNAse e S1 nuclease. A cura do dsRNA para um dos isolados (P92) foi obtida através do isolamento de colônias monospóricas. Linhagens isogênicas, com e sem dsRNA, foram submetidas ao teste de virulência contra a mosca branca Bemisia tabaci biotipo B. Ao contrário do que ocorre para vários fungos fitopatogênicos, os fragmentos de dsRNA não causaram hipovirulência em P. fumosoroseus

Excision from tRNA genes of a large chromosomal region, carrying avrPphB, associated with race change in the bean pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) race 4 strain 1302A carries avirulence gene avrPphB. Strain RJ3, a sectoral variant from a 1302A culture, exhibited an extended host range in cultivars of bean and soybean resulting from the absence of avrPphB from the RJ3 chromosome. Complementation of RJ3 with avrPphB restored the race 4 phenotype. Both strains showed similar in planta growth in susceptible bean cultivars. Analysis of RJ3 indicated loss of > 40 kb of DNA surrounding avrPphB. Collinearity of the two genomes was determined for the left and right junctions of the deleted avrPphB region; the left junction is ≃ 19 kb and the right junction > 20 kb from avrPphB in 1302A. Sequencing revealed that the region containing avrPphB was inserted into a tRNA(LYS) gene, which was re-formed at the right junction in strain 1302A. A putative lysine tRNA pseudogene (ΨtRNA(LYS)) was found at the left junction of the insertion. All tRNA genes were in identical orientation in the chromosome. Genes near the left junction exhibited predicted protein homologies with gene products associated with a virulence locus of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Specific oligonucleotide primers that regions of the chromosome in other strains of Pph. Deletion of a large region of the chromosome containing an avirulence gene represents a new route to race change in Pph