A SDN-based WiFi-VLC Coupled System for Optimised Service Provision in 5G Networks

Abstract— Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a powerful supplement, which has gained tremendous attention recently and has become a favorable technology in short-range communication scenarios for the Fifth Generation (5G) networks. VLC possesses a number of prominent features to address the highly demanding 5G system requirements for high capacity, high data rate, high spectral efficiency, high energy efficiency, low battery consumption, and low latency. However, this prominent performance is limited by the imperfect reception, since line of sight channel condition may not always exist in practice. This paper presents and experimentally validates a SDN-based VLC system, which is coupled with WiFi access technology in order to improve the network QoS, reassuring zero packet loss reception quality when the user is moving between two consecutive VLC transmitters

Three-dimensional Access Point Assignment in Hybrid VLC, mmWave and WiFi Wireless Access Networks:2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2020

To improve data speed and reliability, hybrid wireless networks combine two different Radio Access Technologies (RATs), such as Visible Light Communications (VLC), millimetre wave (mmWave), Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc. The Internet of Radio Light (IoRL) is a cutting-edge system paradigm to combine three RATs for taking advantage the vast VLC and mmWave spectrum with the ubiquitous coverage of WiFi. In this respect, this work introduces a new convex optimisation-based solution method to optimise the three-dimensional (3D) Access Point Assignment (APA) problem of the IoRL system under individual user positioning, priority and minimum Quality-of-Service (QoS) constraints. We use both the IoRL real-world testbed and large-scale Maltab simulations to evaluate that our solution converges in linear time, and attains higher throughput-vs-fairness trade-off than existing efforts. © 2020 IEEE

A Scaleable and License Free 5G Internet of Radio Light Architecture for Services in Train Stations

In this paper we present a 5G Internet Radio- Light (IoRL) architecture for underground train stations that can be readily deployed because it utilizes unlicensed visible light and millimeter wave part of the spectrum, which does not require Mobile Network Operator (MNO) permission to deploy and which is used to provide travelers with accurate location, interaction, access to Internet and Cloud based Services, such as high resolution video on a Tablet PC. The paper describes the train station use cases and the IoRL architecture.European Commissio

A Scalable and License Free 5G Internet of Radio Light Architecture for Services in Homes & Businesses

In this paper we present a 5G Internet Radio-Light (IoRL) architecture for homes that can be readily deployed because it utilizes unlicensed visible light and millimeter wave part of the spectrum, which does not require Mobile Network Operator (MNO) permission to deploy and which is used to provide inhabitants of houses with accurate location, interaction, access to Internet and Cloud based services such as high resolution video on a Tablet PC. The paper describes the home use cases and the IoRL architecture.EU Horizon 202

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8–13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05–6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50–75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Evaluation of video quality based on objectively estimated metric

Multimedia applications and especially encoded video services, are expected to play a major role in the 3rd generation (3G) and beyond mobile communication systems. Given that future service providers are expected to provide video applications at various price and quality levels, quick and economically affordable methods for preparing/encoding the offering media at various qualities are necessary to be developed. This paper presents a method for objective evaluation of the perceived quality of MPEG-4 video content, based on a quantification of subjective assessments. Showing that subjectively derived perceived quality of service (PQoS) vs. bit rate curves can be successfully approximated by a group of exponential functions, the proposed method exploits a simple objective metric, which is obtained from the mean frame rate vs. bit rate curves of an encoded clip. The validity of this metric is assessed by comparing subjectively derived PQoS results to the corresponding ones, which come from the proposed objective method, showing that the proposed technique provides satisfactory PQoS estimation. © 2005 KICS

Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation: Performance Evaluation and Application Perspectives

Multi Protocol Encapsulation (MPE) is today the dominant method for encapsulating IP data into the MPEG-2 Transport Stream so they can be conveyed over digital television platforms (DVB or ATSC). Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation (ULE) is a new alternative to MPE, providing simplicity, efficiency and configurability. This paper presents the principle and benefits of ULE, approaches the issues associated with its adoption and compares it against MPE through extensive performance measurements in a fully functional testbed under IPv4 and IPv6 load. It also proposes, implements and demonstrates the combination of MPEG4/H.264, IPv6 and ULE as the most efficient and flexible protocol stack for nextgeneration transmission of digital video over DTV networks

Quantified PQoS assessment based on fast estimation of the spatial and temporal activity level

This paper presents a novel method for fast and quantified estimation of the Perceived Quality of Service (PQoS) for MPEG-4 video content, encoded at constant bit-rates. Taking into account the instant PQoS variation due to the Spatial and Temporal (S-T) activity within a given MPEG-4 encoded content, this paper introduces the Mean PQoS (MPQoS) as a function of the video encoding rate and the picture resolution, and exploits it as a metric for objective video quality assessment. The validity of this metric is assessed by comparing PQoS experimental curves to the theoretical benefit functions vs. allocated resources. Based on the proposed metric, and taking into account the qualitative similarity between theoretical and experimental curves, the paper presents a prototype method for pre-encoding PQoS assessment based on the fast estimation of the S-T activity level of a video signal. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC