27 research outputs found
The all-particle spectrum of primary cosmic rays in the wide energy range from 10^14 eV to 10^17 eV observed with the Tibet-III air-shower array
We present an updated all-particle energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays in
a wide range from 10^14 eV to 10^17 eV using 5.5 times 10^7 events collected in
the period from 2000 November through 2004 October by the Tibet-III air-shower
array located at 4300 m above sea level (atmospheric depth of 606 g/cm^2). The
size spectrum exhibits a sharp knee at a corresponding primary energy around 4
PeV. This work uses increased statistics and new simulation calculations for
the analysis. We performed extensive Monte Carlo calculations and discuss the
model dependences involved in the final result assuming interaction models of
QGSJET01c and SIBYLL2.1 and primary composition models of heavy dominant (HD)
and proton dominant (PD) ones. Pure proton and pure iron primary models are
also examined as extreme cases. The detector simulation was also made to
improve the accuracy of determining the size of the air showers and the energy
of the primary particle. We confirmed that the all-particle energy spectra
obtained under various plausible model parameters are not significantly
different from each other as expected from the characteristics of the
experiment at the high altitude, where the air showers of the primary energy
around the knee reaches near maximum development and their features are
dominated by electromagnetic components leading to the weak dependence on the
interaction model or the primary mass. This is the highest-statistical and the
best systematics-controlled measurement covering the widest energy range around
the knee energy region.Comment: 19 pages, 20 figures, accepted by Ap
Calculation method for computer-generated holograms with cylindrical basic object light by using a graphics processing unit
It takes an enormous amount of time to calculate a computer-generated hologram (CGH). A fast calculation method for a CGH using precalculated object light has been proposed in which the light waves of an arbitrary object are calculated using transform calculations of the precalculated object light. However, this method requires a huge amount of memory. This paper proposes the use of a method that uses a cylindrical basic object light to reduce the memory requirement. Furthermore, it is accelerated by using a graphics processing unit (GPU). Experimental results show that the calculation speed on a GPU is about 65 times faster than that on a CPU. (C) 2011 Optical Society of Americ
Calculation method for computer-generated holograms with cylindrical basic object light by using a graphics processing unit
Formation of Fe-Cr-Mo Alloy Metallic Glass Coating Using High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Apparatus with Hydrogen Gas and Its Microstructural Transition at Elevated Temperatures
Electrochemically Controlled 2D Assembly of Paddle-Wheel Diruthenium Complexes on the Au(111) Surface and Identification of Their Redox States
The 2D molecular assemblies of chloride-coordinated mixed-valence
diruthenium complexes, each possessing phenyl, naphtyl, or anthracenyl
moieties, were examined on an Au(111) at electrochemical interface.
In situ scanning tunneling microscopy images revealed a clear dependence
of the molecular assembly on both the nature of the aryl functional
groups and on the redox state of the dinuclear ruthenium complex,
either chloride-coordinated Ru<sup>II</sup>/Ru<sup>III</sup> or noncoordinated
Ru<sup>II</sup>/Ru<sup>II</sup>. At potentials where the Ru<sup>II</sup>/Ru<sup>III</sup> and Ru<sup>II</sup>/Ru<sup>II</sup> redox states
were in equilibrium, two distinct redox states were clearly identified
at the single-molecular level. We found that manipulating both the
electrochemical potential and the aryl functional group substitution
was important for controlling the 2D molecular assembly of a chloride-coordinated
diruthenium complex on an Au(111) surface