How probiotic bacteria influence the motor and mental behaviors as well as immunological and oxidative biomarkers in multiple sclerosis? A double blind clinical trial

Abstract Background and aims: This clinical trial was carried out to assess the effects of probiotic on mental and motor behaviors, metabolic profiles in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Forty-eight patients with MS were treated by probiotics or placebo for four months to determine clinical symptoms, mental health, and metabolic profiles. Results: Probiotic decreased expanded disability status scale (−0.52 ± 0.04 vs. + 0.16 ± 0.07, P < 0.001), beck depression inventory (−5.08 ± 0.71 vs. −2.62 ± 0.78, P = 0.026), general health questionnaire-28 (−6.7 ± 1.17 vs. −3.04 ± 1.13, P = 0.03) and depression anxiety and stress scale (−12.54 ± 1.81 vs. −3.33 ± 2.26, P = 0.003). Probiotic reduced malondialdehyde (P < 0.001) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (P < 0.001). Probiotic resulted in a significant reduction in IL-6 (P = 0.01) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = 0.03), and a significant increase in IL-10 (P < 0.001) and nitric oxide levels (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Through modulation of intestinal flora, the probiotic bacteria may improve clinical symptoms by balancing the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and adjusting the oxidative biomarkers in the MS patients. Keywords: Clinical symptom Inflammation Multiple sclerosis Oxidative stress Probiotic

The investigation of relevancy between PIAS1 and PIAS2 gene expression and disease severity of multiple sclerosis

Introduction: PIAS1 and PIAS2 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1,2) play key roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This study aims to evaluate the gene expression of these factors in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients compared to healthy individuals and correlate them with the severity of MS. Materials and methods: Sixty participants, including 30 patients with MS and 30 healthy controls were studied. The expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes in peripheral blood samples of all participants was measured by real-time PCR. The severity of MS was evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Finally, we evaluated the correlation between the expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes with disease severity. Results: The expression of PIAS1 gene was increased in patients with MS compared to healthy subjects (P value<.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between the expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes with disease severity according to EDSS. Conclusion: Our study suggests the expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in MS disease. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis

Increased risk of pre-eclampsia (PE) among women with the history of migraine

The Objective of this study was to assess possible association of history of migraine with pre-eclampsia (PE). This was a retrospective study to compare history of migraine in 90 women affected by PE with 90 women without PE as the control group. They recruited by a nonrandomized consecutive sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire including demographic, medical, obstetrics, and migraine assessment sections. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results showed an increased risk of PE in women with history of migraine (odds ratio: 2.87; p < 0.05). Result demonstrated that migraine history in the case group is 144 and in control group is 56. Gestational age (GA) at delivery and weight of neonate (WN) were significantly lower compared to control (GA: 37.3 ± 2.6 vs. 38.7± 1.3 weeks T test; P < 0.01) (WN: 2930 ± 690 vs. 3330 ± 420; T test; P < 0.0). Cesarean section was more frequent in the PE group compared to the control group 37 (42) vs. 14 (15.6); chi square; p < 0.01. The association of migraine with PE is the result of some similar mechanism leading to endothelial dysfunction. Frequent reports of an association between migraine and PE in different populations suggest a history of migraine as a risk factor for PEgestational hypertension (GH). Copyright © Informa UK Ltd

Melatonin and Parkinson Disease: Current Status and Future Perspectives for Molecular Mechanisms

Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic and neurodegenerative disease with motor and nonmotor symptoms. Multiple pathways are involved in the pathophysiology of PD, including apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, α-synuclein aggregation, and changes in the neurotransmitters. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that melatonin supplementation is an appropriate therapy for PD. Administration of melatonin leads to inhibition of some pathways related to apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, α-synuclein aggregation, and dopamine loss in PD. In addition, melatonin improves some nonmotor symptom in patients with PD. Limited studies, however, have evaluated the role of melatonin on molecular mechanisms and clinical symptoms in PD. This review summarizes what is known regarding the impact of melatonin on PD in preclinical and clinical studies. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Increased serum levels of TNF-α and decreased serum levels of IL-27 in patients with Parkinson disease and their correlation with disease severity

Abstract Objectives: Immunological basis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease (PD) has some important roles in their pathogenesis. There are conflicting studies to serum level of TNF-α in PD. Also, according to our finding there is no report evaluating serum level of IL-27 in PD. This study correlates the serum level of those factors with severity of PD. Patients and methods: In this case-control study, 83 patients with PD and 83 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The diagnosis was fulfilled in accordance with clinical diagnostic criteria of the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank by two neurologists. The modified Hoehn and Yahr (H and Y) scale was used to evaluate the severity of PD. Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-27 were measured by Elisa. Correlation of H and Y scale with serum levels of these cytokines was evaluated. Results: The serum levels of TNF-α were increased and serum levels of IL-27 were decreased in patients with PD compared to those in healthy subjects (P < 0.0001). There was a significant correlation between serum levels of TNF-α and IL-27 with H and Y scale. Conclusion: Our study showed that the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-27 may be important prognostic biomarkers of PD. Keywords TNF-α IL-27 Parkinson disease H and

High-dose �-3 fatty acid plus Vitamin D3 supplementation affects clinical symptoms and metabolic status of patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: Combined omega-3 fatty acid and vitamin D supplementation may improve multiple sclerosis (MS) by correcting metabolic abnormalities and attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of �-3 fatty acid and vitamin D cosupplementation on the disability score and metabolic status of patients with MS. Methods: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score and inflammation as primary outcomes and oxidative stress biomarkers and metabolic profile as secondary outcomes. Patients, aged 18-55 y, were matched for disease EDSS scores, gender, medications, BMI, and age (n = 53) and randomly received a combined 2 � 1000 mg/d �-3 fatty acid and 50,000 IU/biweekly cholecalciferol supplement or placebo for 12 wk. The placebos were matched in colour, shape, size, packaging, smell, and taste with supplements. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and end of intervention to measure different outcomes. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess treatment effects on outcomes adjusting for confounding variables. Results: Patients taking �-3 fatty acid plus vitamin D supplements showed a significant improvement in EDSS (β �0.18; 95 CI: �0.33, �0.04; P = 0.01), compared with placebo. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (β �1.70 mg/L; 95 CI: �2.49, �0.90 mg/L; P < 0.001), plasma total antioxidant capacity (β +55.4 mmol/L; 95 CI: 9.2, 101.6 mmol/L; P = 0.02), total glutathione (β +51.14 µmol/L; 95 CI: 14.42, 87.87 µmol/L; P = 0.007), and malondialdehyde concentrations (β �0.86 µmol/L; 95 CI: �1.10, �0.63 µmol/L; P < 0.001) were significantly improved in the supplemented group compared with the placebo group. In addition, �-3 fatty acid and vitamin D cosupplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum insulin, insulin resistance, and total/HDL-cholesterol, and a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Conclusion: Overall, taking �-3 fatty acid and vitamin D supplements for 12 wk by patients with MS had beneficial effects on EDSS and metabolic status. © 2018 American Society for Nutrition. All rights reserved

Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Background and aims: Combined probiotic and selenium supplementation may improve Alzheimer's disease (AD) by correcting metabolic abnormalities, and attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status among patients with AD. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted among 79 patients with AD. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either selenium (200 μg/day) plus probiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum (2 � 109 CFU/day each) (n = 27), selenium (200 μg/day) (n = 26) or placebo (n = 26) for 12 weeks. Results: Selenium supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly reduced serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P &lt; 0.001), insulin (P = 0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.002), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04) and total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (P = 0.004), and significantly increased total glutathione (GSH) (P = 0.001) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (P = 0.01). Compared with only selenium and placebo, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant increase in mini-mental state examination score (+1.5 ± 1.3 vs. +0.5 ± 1.2 and �0.2 ± 1.1, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Probiotic plus selenium intake resulted in a significant reduction in hs-CRP (�1.6 ± 1.4 vs. �0.8 ± 1.0 and +0.1 ± 0.5 mg/L, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (+89.4 ± 129.6 vs. +20.0 ± 62.5 and �0.7 ± 27.2 mmol/L, respectively, P = 0.001) and GSH (+122.8 ± 136.5 vs. +102.2 ± 135.2 and +1.5 ± 53.2 μmol/L, respectively, P = 0.001) compared with only selenium and placebo. In addition, subjects who received probiotic plus selenium supplements had significantly lower insulin levels (�2.1 ± 2.5 vs. �1.0 ± 1.3 and +0.7 ± 2.0 μIU/mL, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), HOMA-IR (�0.5 ± 0.6 vs. �0.2 ± 0.3 and +0.1 ± 0.4, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), and higher QUICKI (+0.01 ± 0.01 vs. +0.005 ± 0.007 and �0.002 ± 0.01, respectively, P &lt; 0.006) compared with only selenium and placebo. Additionally, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum triglycerides (�17.9 ± 26.1 vs. �3.5 ± 33.9 and +0.3 ± 9.3 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.02), VLDL- (�3.6 ± 5.2 vs. �0.7 ± 6.8 and +0.05 ± 1.8 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.02), LDL- (�8.8 ± 17.8 vs. �8.1 ± 19.2 and +2.7 ± 19.0 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.04) and total-/HDL-cholesterol (�0.3 ± 0.7 vs. �0.4 ± 0.9 and +0.3 ± 0.6, respectively, P = 0.005) compared with only selenium and placebo. Conclusions: Overall, we found that probiotic and selenium co-supplementation for 12 weeks to patients with AD improved cognitive function and some metabolic profiles. This study was registered in the Iranian website (www.irct.ir) for registration of clinical trials (http://www.irct.ir: IRCT20170612034497N5). © 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolis

Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Background and aims: Combined probiotic and selenium supplementation may improve Alzheimer's disease (AD) by correcting metabolic abnormalities, and attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status among patients with AD. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted among 79 patients with AD. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either selenium (200 μg/day) plus probiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum (2 � 109 CFU/day each) (n = 27), selenium (200 μg/day) (n = 26) or placebo (n = 26) for 12 weeks. Results: Selenium supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly reduced serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P &lt; 0.001), insulin (P = 0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.002), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04) and total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (P = 0.004), and significantly increased total glutathione (GSH) (P = 0.001) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (P = 0.01). Compared with only selenium and placebo, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant increase in mini-mental state examination score (+1.5 ± 1.3 vs. +0.5 ± 1.2 and �0.2 ± 1.1, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Probiotic plus selenium intake resulted in a significant reduction in hs-CRP (�1.6 ± 1.4 vs. �0.8 ± 1.0 and +0.1 ± 0.5 mg/L, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (+89.4 ± 129.6 vs. +20.0 ± 62.5 and �0.7 ± 27.2 mmol/L, respectively, P = 0.001) and GSH (+122.8 ± 136.5 vs. +102.2 ± 135.2 and +1.5 ± 53.2 μmol/L, respectively, P = 0.001) compared with only selenium and placebo. In addition, subjects who received probiotic plus selenium supplements had significantly lower insulin levels (�2.1 ± 2.5 vs. �1.0 ± 1.3 and +0.7 ± 2.0 μIU/mL, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), HOMA-IR (�0.5 ± 0.6 vs. �0.2 ± 0.3 and +0.1 ± 0.4, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), and higher QUICKI (+0.01 ± 0.01 vs. +0.005 ± 0.007 and �0.002 ± 0.01, respectively, P &lt; 0.006) compared with only selenium and placebo. Additionally, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum triglycerides (�17.9 ± 26.1 vs. �3.5 ± 33.9 and +0.3 ± 9.3 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.02), VLDL- (�3.6 ± 5.2 vs. �0.7 ± 6.8 and +0.05 ± 1.8 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.02), LDL- (�8.8 ± 17.8 vs. �8.1 ± 19.2 and +2.7 ± 19.0 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.04) and total-/HDL-cholesterol (�0.3 ± 0.7 vs. �0.4 ± 0.9 and +0.3 ± 0.6, respectively, P = 0.005) compared with only selenium and placebo. Conclusions: Overall, we found that probiotic and selenium co-supplementation for 12 weeks to patients with AD improved cognitive function and some metabolic profiles. This study was registered in the Iranian website (www.irct.ir) for registration of clinical trials (http://www.irct.ir: IRCT20170612034497N5). © 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolis

Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Background and aims: Combined probiotic and selenium supplementation may improve Alzheimer's disease (AD) by correcting metabolic abnormalities, and attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status among patients with AD. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted among 79 patients with AD. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either selenium (200 μg/day) plus probiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum (2 × 109 CFU/day each) (n = 27), selenium (200 μg/day) (n = 26) or placebo (n = 26) for 12 weeks. Results: Selenium supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly reduced serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P < 0.001), insulin (P = 0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.002), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04) and total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (P = 0.004), and significantly increased total glutathione (GSH) (P = 0.001) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (P = 0.01). Compared with only selenium and placebo, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant increase in mini-mental state examination score (+1.5 ± 1.3 vs. +0.5 ± 1.2 and −0.2 ± 1.1, respectively, P < 0.001). Probiotic plus selenium intake resulted in a significant reduction in hs-CRP (−1.6 ± 1.4 vs. −0.8 ± 1.0 and +0.1 ± 0.5 mg/L, respectively, P < 0.001), and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (+89.4 ± 129.6 vs. +20.0 ± 62.5 and −0.7 ± 27.2 mmol/L, respectively, P = 0.001) and GSH (+122.8 ± 136.5 vs. +102.2 ± 135.2 and +1.5 ± 53.2 μmol/L, respectively, P = 0.001) compared with only selenium and placebo. In addition, subjects who received probiotic plus selenium supplements had significantly lower insulin levels (−2.1 ± 2.5 vs. −1.0 ± 1.3 and +0.7 ± 2.0 μIU/mL, respectively, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (−0.5 ± 0.6 vs. −0.2 ± 0.3 and +0.1 ± 0.4, respectively, P < 0.001), and higher QUICKI (+0.01 ± 0.01 vs. +0.005 ± 0.007 and −0.002 ± 0.01, respectively, P < 0.006) compared with only selenium and placebo. Additionally, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum triglycerides (−17.9 ± 26.1 vs. −3.5 ± 33.9 and +0.3 ± 9.3 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.02), VLDL- (−3.6 ± 5.2 vs. −0.7 ± 6.8 and +0.05 ± 1.8 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.02), LDL- (−8.8 ± 17.8 vs. −8.1 ± 19.2 and +2.7 ± 19.0 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.04) and total-/HDL-cholesterol (−0.3 ± 0.7 vs. −0.4 ± 0.9 and +0.3 ± 0.6, respectively, P = 0.005) compared with only selenium and placebo. Conclusions: Overall, we found that probiotic and selenium co-supplementation for 12 weeks to patients with AD improved cognitive function and some metabolic profiles. This study was registered in the Iranian website (www.irct.ir) for registration of clinical trial