L’étalement urbain au péril des activités agro-pastorales à Abidjan

L’urbanisation rapide, pose des défis de logement et d’alimentation à la communauté internationale dans son ensemble et particulièrement aux pays en voie de développement. A Abidjan en Côte d’Ivoire, le développement de la commune de Yopougon et la croissance démographique de près de 4 %, entrainent une importante pression sur les terres agricoles urbaines et périurbaines. La présente étude met en évidence l’influence de cet étalement urbain sur les activités agro-pastorales à Yopougon. Une démarche cartographique, suivie d’une démarche socio-anthropologique a été adoptée. Des entretiens avec questionnaires ont été effectués avec 93 agriculteurs. Cette étude montre que les activités agricoles se déroulent sur trois principaux sites : Lokoa, Béago et Azito. Entre 2004 et 2007, les sites agricoles ont connu une réduction d’environ 41 % de leurs superficies du fait de la croissance urbaine. La variation totale de superficie due aux constructions est de 40 % à Azito, 18 % à Lokoa et 8 % à Béago. Des parcs à bétails ont changé de position géographique et se retrouvent en bordure de lagune. L’étude montre également que 94 % des agriculteurs du site vivent principalement de l’agriculture urbaine et que l’insécurité foncière reste leur principale préoccupation. L’étalement spatial de la commune de Yopougon, contribue à une forte réduction des superficies agricoles rendant ainsi vulnérable les familles impliquées dans les activités agricoles comme principales sources de revenus.Rapid urbanization leads to challenges in housing and food access for all the international community and particularly in developing countries. In Abidjan, the developments of Yopougon municipality and population increase have caused significant pressure on agricultural lands and represent a danger for agriculture in the surrounding villages. The present study aims at highlighting the influence of urban spread on agro-pastoral activities in the district of Yopougon. A cartographic approach and a socio anthropologic approach were used. Observations and individual interviews were made with 93 agricultural actors. Agricultural activities were observed on three principal sites : Lokoa, Béago and Azito. Between 2004 and 2007, approximately 41 % of the agricultural surface was occupied by settlements. Total variation of surface due to settlements was 40 % at Azito, 18 % at Lokoa and 8 % at Béago. Some pastoral and cattle parks were joined by the city and were moved to other geographical positions. For 94 % of agricultural actors in the studied site, agriculture was the principal source of income and land insecurity remained the principal concern of the farmers. The urban sprawl of the municipality of Yopougon contributes to a strong reduction of agricultural surface. It makes agricultural actors vulnerable as it is their only source of income

Leveraging data science and machine learning for urban climate adaptation in two major African cities: a HE 2 AT Center study protocol

Introduction: African cities, particularly Abidjan and Johannesburg, face challenges of rapid urban growth, informality and strained health services, compounded by increasing temperatures due to climate change. This study aims to understand the complexities of heat-related health impacts in these cities. The objectives are: (1) mapping intraurban heat risk and exposure using health, socioeconomic, climate and satellite imagery data; (2) creating a stratified heat–health forecast model to predict adverse health outcomes; and (3) establishing an early warning system for timely heatwave alerts. The ultimate goal is to foster climate-resilient African cities, protecting disproportionately affected populations from heat hazards. Methods and analysis: The research will acquire health-related datasets from eligible adult clinical trials or cohort studies conducted in Johannesburg and Abidjan between 2000 and 2022. Additional data will be collected, including socioeconomic, climate datasets and satellite imagery. These resources will aid in mapping heat hazards and quantifying heat–health exposure, the extent of elevated risk and morbidity. Outcomes will be determined using advanced data analysis methods, including statistical evaluation, machine learning and deep learning techniques. Ethics and dissemination: The study has been approved by the Wits Human Research Ethics Committee (reference no: 220606). Data management will follow approved procedures. The results will be disseminated through workshops, community forums, conferences and publications. Data deposition and curation plans will be established in line with ethical and safety considerations

L’étalement urbain au péril des activités agro-pastorales à Abidjan.

Rapid urbanization leads to challenges in housing and food access for all the international community and particularly in developing countries. In Abidjan, the developments of Yopougon municipality and population increase have caused significant pressure on agricultural lands and represent a danger for agriculture in the surrounding villages. The present study aims at highlighting the influence of urban spread on agro-pastoral activities in the district of Yopougon. A cartographic approach and a socio anthropologic approach were used. Observations and individual interviews were made with 93 agricultural actors. Agricultural activities were observed on three principal sites : Lokoa, Béago and Azito. Between 2004 and 2007, approximately 41 % of the agricultural surface was occupied by settlements. Total variation of surface due to settlements was 40 % at Azito, 18 % at Lokoa and 8 % at Béago. Some pastoral and cattle parks were joined by the city and were moved to other geographical positions. For 94 % of agricultural actors in the studied site, agriculture was the principal source of income and land insecurity remained the principal concern of the farmers. The urban sprawl of the municipality of Yopougon contributes to a strong reduction of agricultural surface. It makes agricultural actors vulnerable as it is their only source of income

Climate, Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Bandama Basin (Côte D’Ivoire, West Africa) and Incidences on Hydropower Production of the Kossou Dam

Climate and land use/cover changes are potential drivers of change in hydrology and water use. Incidences of these factors on Bandama hydrological basin and Kossou hydropower generation (1981–2016) in West Africa are assessed in this present work. Using Landsat products of United Stated Geological Survey, results show that water bodies areas and land use have increased by 1.89%/year and 11.56%/year respectively, whereas herbaceous savanna, savanna, forest and evergreen forest coverage have been reduced by 1.39%/year, 0.02%/year, 2.39%/year and 3.33%/year respectively from 1988 to 2016. Hydroclimatic analysis reveals that streamflow presents greater change in magnitude compared to rainfall though both increasing trends are not statistically significant at annual scale. Streamflow varies at least four (two) times greatly than the rainfall (monthly and seasonally) annually except during driest months probably due to land use/cover change. In contrast, Kossou hydropower generation is significantly decreasing (p-value 0.007) at both monthly and annual scales possibly due to water abstraction at upstream. Further works are required to elucidate the combined effects of land use/cover and climate changes on hydrological system as well as water abstraction on Kossou generation

Protection internationale du climat et souveraineté étatique

La protection internationale du climat, de par ses enjeux de dimension mondiale, interroge inévitablement la capacité de la communauté internationale à s’en saisir, les méthodes et sources du droit international ainsi que son effectivité et plus largement notre conception de l’ordre juridique international. Alors que le droit international est un droit encore jeune et donc parfois contesté dans son objet et bien sur dans ses résultats, il doit répondre à des enjeux considérables qui dépassent largement ce pour quoi il a été historiquement conçu : un droit de la guerre puis un droit de la coexistence pacifique et à présent un droit favorisant l’harmonie dans les relations internationales pour poursuivre – éventuellement – un intérêt supérieur aux États qui pourrait être l’intérêt général de l’humanité. Il demeure cependant, dans ses origines et ses fondements, intrinsèquement, génétiquement même, interétatique