Creating and Maintaining Structural Hindrances to Criminal Justice Control – A Policy Analysis on the Normalisation of Parental Violence as a Crime in Finland

In the context of home, violence remains more accepted when committed against children than adults. Normalisation of parental violence has been documented in attitudinal surveys, professional practices, and legal regulation. For example, in many countries violent disciplining of children is the only legal form of interpersonal violence. This study explores the societal invisibility and normalisation of parental violence as a crime by analysing legislation and control policies regulating the division of labour and involvement between social welfare and criminal justice authorities. An empirical case study from Finland, where all forms of parental violence were legally prohibited in 1983, is used to elucidate the divergence between (criminal) law and control policies. The analysis demonstrates how normalisation operates at the policy-level where, within the same system of control that criminalised these acts, structural hindrances are built to prevent criminal justice interventions

Prevalence of violence experienced by people with insecure immigration status, and perceptions of association with immigration control (protocol)

What is the prevalence of violence experienced by people with insecure immigration status? Violence causes injury and is related to mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress and depression. The World Health Organization's 2002 Report of Violence and Health states 'where violence persists, health is compromised.' Sub questions of the review ask: 1. What is the reported prevalence of different types of violence experienced by people with insecure migration statuses? 2. What types of violence do people in insecure immigration status report experiencing? 3. Do people in insecure migration status who experience violence perceive that to be a consequence of their migration status

Changes in statutory child protection service interventions in response to parental physical violence against children, 1990 to 2021: a systematic review (protocol)

This study will systematically locate and review research that studies parental physical violence interventions that are conducted in non-institutional settings by statutory child protection services (provided by public authority), or in non-statutory (e.g., non-governmental organisations) child protection services provided on behalf of, or purchased by, or in co-operation with, public authorities with statutory child protection responsibilities. Main question: How have statutory child protection services responded to parental physical violence against children, and how has this changed between 1990 and 2021? This includes: (I) What are the intended outcomes of the statutory child protection service interventions to parental physical violence against children? (E.g. Change in levels of violence, parent-to-child communication skills, child or parent wellbeing.) (II) What are the theoretical assumptions underpinning these interventions? (E.g. How is physical violence/abuse defined, perceived, and/or approached? Are the interventions targeting physical violence alone or as a part of a cluster of problems?) (III) What are the statutory bases for interventions that address parental violence against children? (E.g. Are they based on civil law and/or criminal law

Sex/gender-disaggregated fatal violence: a systematic review (protocol)

The aim of this review is to update and expand Stoeckl et. al’s (2013) systematic review on Intimate Partner Homicide (IPH) by estimating the prevalence of sex/gender disaggregated homicide at a global, regional, and country level. Stoeckl et. al.’s (2013) review provided a disaggregation of IPH by sex of victim and victim/perpetrator intimate relationship. Applying Walby et. al. (2017), this review will expand this by including homicides between non-intimates as well as intimates (i.e., beyond IPH) and two additional dimensions: sexual aspects and sex/gender motivation. Data on three dimensions (victim/perpetrator relationship, sexual aspects, and sex/gender motivation) will be identified through the systematic review strategy (including review of national statistics offices/organisations) detailed above. Additionally, data on a further two dimensions (sex of the victim and sex of the perpetrator) will be extracted from the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (as part of the UKPRP/MRC project, within which this review is nested, to create a global dataset on violence). Since 2013, UNODC homicide data have been collected according to the International Classification on Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS, 2015). This means that data exist on the sex of victim (and, often, sex of perpetrator) in many countries

The Rise of the Crime Victim and Punitive Policies? Changes to the Legal Regulation of Intimate Partner Violence in Finland

This article examines intimate partnership violence as a question of criminal justice policy in Finland, and contributes to criminological discussions regarding oft-stated connections between the politicization of the victim, the treatment of offenders, and repressive criminal justice policies. In this discussion, legislation aiming to regulate and prevent violence against women has often been utilized as an example of such punitive policies. Although criminal policies in Nordic countries differ significantly from more punitive Anglophone policies, punitive tendencies have argued to exist in the former too. This article analyses the change in legal regulations and the criminal political status of intimate partner violence in Finland between 1990 and 2004, while examining the juxtaposition of victims and offenders alongside repressive demands

The National Early Warning Score and its subcomponents recorded within ±24 hours of emergency medical admission are poor predictors of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury

YesBackground: Hospital-acquired Acute Kidney Injury (H-AKI) is a common cause of avoidable morbidity and mortality. Aim: To determine if the patients’ vital signs data as defined by a National Early Warning Score (NEWS), can predict H-AKI following emergency admission to hospital. Methods: Analyses of emergency admissions to York hospital over 24-months with NEWS data. We report the area under the curve (AUC) for logistic regression models that used the index NEWS (model A0), plus age and sex (A1), plus subcomponents of NEWS (A2) and two-way interactions (A3). Likewise for maximum NEWS (models B0,B1,B2,B3). Results: 4.05% (1361/33608) of emergency admissions had H-AKI. Models using the index NEWS had the lower AUCs (0.59 to 0.68) than models using the maximum NEWS AUCs (0.75 to 0.77). The maximum NEWS model (B3) was more sensitivity than the index NEWS model (A0) (67.60% vs 19.84%) but identified twice as many cases as being at risk of H-AKI (9581 vs 4099) at a NEWS of 5. Conclusions: The index NEWS is a poor predictor of H-AKI. The maximum NEWS is a better predictor but seems unfeasible because it is only knowable in retrospect and is associated with a substantial increase in workload albeit with improved sensitivity.The Health Foundatio

Evaluation of Shadow Moir\uef\ubf\ubd for Surface Deformation Detection and Measurement

NRC publication: Ye

Soil biota composition and the performance of a noxious weed across its invaded range

This is an accepted manuscript of an article originally published by Wiley.The success of invasive plant species is driven, in part, by feedback with soil ecosystems. Yet, how variation in belowground communities across latitudinal gradients affects invader distributions remains poorly understood. To determine the effect of soil communities on the performance of the noxious weed Cirsium arvense across its invaded range, we grew seedlings for 40 days in soils collected across a 699 km linear distance from both inside and outside established populations. We also described the mesofaunal and bacterial communities across all soil samples. We found that C. arvense typically performed better when grown in soils sourced from northern populations than from southern locations where it has a longer invasion history. We also found evidence that C. arvense performed best in soils sourced from outside invaded patches, although this was not consistent across all sites. The bacterial community showed a significant increase in the magnitude of compositional change in invaded sites at higher latitudes, while the mesofaunal community showed the opposite pattern. Bacterial community composition was significantly correlated with C. arvense performance, although mesofaunal community composition was not. Our results demonstrate that the interactions between an invasive plant and associated soil communities change across the invaded range, and the bacterial community in particular may affect variation in plant performance. Observed patterns may be caused by C.arvense presence and time since invasion allowing for an accumulation of species‐specific pathogens in southern soils, while the naïveté of northern soils to invasion results in a more responsive bacterial community. Although these interactions are difficult to predict, such effects could possibly facilitate the establishment of this exotic species to novel locations.This research was supported by the Univ. of Toronto Research and Scholarly Activity Fund, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant (PMK) and a Queen Elizabeth II/Pfizer Canada Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (KAN)

Soil biota composition and the performance of a noxious weed across its invaded range

The success of invasive plant species is driven, in part, by feedback with soil ecosystems. Yet, how variation in belowground communities across latitudinal gradients affects invader distributions remains poorly understood. To determine the effect of soil communities on the performance of the noxious weed Cirsium arvense across its invaded range, we grew seedlings for 40 days in soils collected across a 699 km linear distance from both inside and outside established populations. We also described the mesofaunal and bacterial communities across all soil samples. We found that C. arvense typically performed better when grown in soils sourced from northern populations than from southern locations where it has a longer invasion history. We also found evidence that C. arvense performed best in soils sourced from outside invaded patches, although this was not consistent across all sites. The bacterial community showed a significant increase in the magnitude of compositional change in invaded sites at higher latitudes, while the mesofaunal community showed the opposite pattern. Bacterial community composition was significantly correlated with C. arvense performance, although mesofaunal community composition was not. Our results demonstrate that the interactions between an invasive plant and associated soil communities change across the invaded range, and the bacterial community in particular may affect variation in plant performance. Observed patterns may be caused by C.arvense presence and time since invasion allowing for an accumulation of species-specific pathogens in southern soils, while the naivete of northern soils to invasion results in a more responsive bacterial community. Although these interactions are difficult to predict, such effects could possibly facilitate the establishment of this exotic species to novel locations. </p