Muslim ummah in social reality of contemporary Russia

The article identifies the approaches to sociological analysis of the Muslim community in Russia, requiring the attention of the sociology of religion, institutional sociology and sociology of elite.В статье определяются подходы к социологическому анализу мусульманской общины в России, требующие внимания социологии религиозного мировоззрения, институциональной социологии, социологии элиты

Religious behavior: specificity and variants of typology

The article is devoted to the identification specificity of religious behavior, the characteristics of the approaches to understanding it, its typology based on interpretations of religiosity offered in the scientific literature. Determination of the features of religious behavior is based on typology of behavior as a whole, its subdivision into secular and religious behavior, which is a specific type of social behavior, the subject of which are either higher forces themselves (addressing them, communicating with them) or communicating with other people about these higher forces. It is noted that in the sociological analysis of religious behavior, as a rule, its external manifestations are singled out and analyzed, which are traditionally referred to visiting churches, prayer houses (with a certain frequency), performing religious sacraments and rituals (with a certain degree of regularity), following the teachings contained in the creeds moral precepts, familiarity with literature of a religious nature. It is substantiated that the religious behavior of the overwhelming majority of people who identify themselves with the followers of a particular confession does not do the actual cult practices, but includes them in everyday practice. It is substantiated that religious behavior is represented in two forms: 1) the cult proper (divine services, sacraments, active participation in the life of the confessional community), and 2) the out-of-the-way (visiting various religious places and objects, caused not by religious ideas, feelings and needs, but by secular factors life). Since religious researchers most often try to measure religious behavior through religiosity, two basic approaches to the definition religiosity, which are presented in the scientific literature - essential and functional. Functional (S.D. Lebedev, R.A. Lopatkin, D.M. Ugrinovich) - focuses attention on the influence of religion, on the consciousness and behavior of both individuals and various social groups, the essential one (I.N. Yablokov, Zh. Toshchenko, N.P. Alekseev, and others) characterizes religiosity as the spiritual and sensory part of people, which determines their inclusion in religious communities. Within each of the approaches, various interpretations of the concept, proposed by both foreign and domestic researchers, are considered. The main criteria and indicators of religiosity, proposed by both domestic and foreign researchers, are considered.Статья посвящена выявлению специфики религиозного поведения, характеристике предложенных в научной литературе подходов к его пониманию, его типологии на основе трактовок религиозности. Определение особенностей религиозного поведения осуществляется на основании типологии феномена поведения в целом, подразделения его на поведение светское и религиозное, являющееся специфическим типом социального поведения, предметом которого выступают либо высшие силы непосредственно (обращение к ним, общение с ними), либо общение с другими людьми по поводу этих высших сил. Отмечено, что при социологическом анализе религиозного поведения, как правило, выделяются и анализируются его внешние проявления, к которым традиционно относят посещение церквей, молельных домов (с определенной частотой), выполнение религиозных таинств и ритуалов (с определенной степенью регулярности), следование содержащимся в вероучениях моральным предписаниям, знакомство с литературой религиозного характера. Обосновывается, что религиозное поведение подавляющего большинства людей, причисляющих себя к последователям той или иной конфессии, совершают не собственно культовые практики, а включают их в повседневные практики. Обосновывается, что религиозное поведение представлено в двух видах – 1) собственно культовое (богослужения, таинства, активное участие в жизни конфессиональной общности) и 2) внекультовое (посещение различных культовых мест и объектов, вызванное не религиозными идеями, чувствами и потребностями, а факторами светской жизни). Поскольку чаще всего религиозное поведение исследователи пытаются замерить через религиозность, рассмотрены два основных подхода к определению религиозности, представленные в научной литературе – сущностный и функциональный. Функциональный (С.Д. Лебедев, Р.А. Лопаткин, Д.М. Угринович) – акцентируется внимание на влиянии религии на сознание и поведение как отдельных индивидов, так и различных социальных групп, сущностный (И.Н Яблоков, Ж.Т. Тощенко, Н.П. Алексеев и др.) характеризует религиозность как духовно-чувственное состояние людей, детерминирующее их включенность в религиозные общности. В рамках каждого из подходов рассмотрены различные трактовки понятия, предложенные как зарубежными, так и отечественными исследователями. Рассмотрены основные критерии и показатели религиозности, предложенные как отечественными, так и зарубежными исследователями

ROLE OF IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 CYTOKINES IN THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is socially significant disease. COPD is based on chronic inflammatory process of respiratory tract, which determines steady progression of the bronchial obstruction. Studies of the role of cytokines in immune pathogenesis of COPD are of crucial importance. The biological mediators determine local, systemic inflammation, and pathophysiological effects of extra-systemic pathological manifestations. In this work, we studied spontaneous and induced production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 cytokines by blood leukocytes from the patients with moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, beyond the exacerbation phase. It is shown that the evident role in formation of the inflammatory process in COPD belongs to the IL-6, IL-8. We have found a significant increase in both spontaneous and induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 (p < 0.05) in the patients. Induced production of cytokines strongly suggests the reserve capabilities of immunocompetent cells in response to the pathogenic factor. Neutrophilic type of inflammation, manifesting as activation of granulocytes, mostly, neutrophils, in response to toxic agents (in particular, smoking) and bacterial pathogens, is primarily associated with IL-6 and IL-8. These results reflect the type and intensity of respiratory tract inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its persistent course.High levels of the studied cytokines confirm their role in bronchial remodeling and contribute to irreversibility of bronchial obstruction in this disorder. The relationship between spontaneous and induced production of the studied cytokines and the clinical indices of the disease course has been shown. Statistically significant increase between frequency of COPD recurrences (more than 2 times pro year, p < 0.05), and low FEV1 values (p < 0.05) were observed in patients with high values of spontaneous and induced production of IL-6 and IL-8. It may be associated with persistent course of neutrophilic inflammation of respiratory tract and progressive bronchial obstruction. IL-6 and IL-8 significantly contribute to pathogenetic mechanisms, determining the clinical course of COPD and may serve as markers of severity in this disorder. Certainly, the immune mechanisms of pathological inflammation in COPD are complex and multifaceted. Studies of clinical significance of induced cytokine production will help the physician when determining type and duration of treatment. Personalized approach to the therapy of patients with COPD depends on the phenotype of pathology, pattern, severity and intensity of inflammation

Studyng the effects of Cantharellus cibarius fungi on Opisthorchis felineus trematode and on parasite host - C57BL/6 inbred mice

Opisthorchiasis is a dangerous parasitic disease caused by trematodes in the family Opisthorchiidae. One of the causes of this infection is the species Opisthorchis felineus, which is common in the Russian Federation and Western Europe. The disease has a large number of complications and relatively few effective treatments, so nowadays it is relevant to look for new drugs for the treatment of opisthorchiasis, with the maximum antiparasitic and minimal side effect. In this work, a potentially anthelmintic effect of the methanol extract of the golden chanterelle mushroom (Cantharellus cibarius) was investigated. In in vitro experiments, the significantly reduced mobility and survival rates of juvenile O. felineus specimens with increasing concentrations (10-1000 pg/ml) of the C. cibarius extract were shown. In in vivo studies, administration of the C. cibarius extract on the first day after parasitic infection of inbred C57BL/6 mice resulted in a decrease of the number of helminths in the bile ducts of the liver, evaluated 6 weeks after infection. In another series of experiments, administration of the C. cibarius extract for 7 days to mice infected with O. felineus for five weeks had no anthelmintic effect. In both cases, the state of the infected hosts, evaluated by a number of physiological and biochemical parameters (relative weight of organs, blood indices), did not deteriorate, indicating that there was no adverse effect of the C. cibarius extract. The results obtained suggest that the C. cibarius extract might have anthelmintic properties if applied as parasite larvae excyst

Institute of services in the great city in the public opinion angle

Article focuses on one of the little-known problem in the institutional economics of the Institute facilities in a large residential community. The issues related to the transformation of the system needs of the population and the corresponding development of supply and demand of public and of individual services in the context of market relations. The article is based on the results of monitoring a number of socio-economic studies conducted by the author-tion at the Institute of Economics of the Urals Academy of Sciences in 2005-2017 in the towns and cities of the Urals Federal District.Статья посвящена одной из малоизученной в институциональной экономике проблеме функционирования института услуги в большой селитебной общности. Анализируются вопросы, связанные с трансформацией системы потребностей населения и соответствующего развития спроса и предложения общественных и индивидуальных услуг в условиях развития рыночных отношений. Статья базируется на результатах ряда мониторинговых социально-экономических исследований, проведённых авторами в Институте экономики УрО РАН в 2005-2017 гг. в городах и поселениях Уральского федерального округа

Deviant behaviour of adolescents as a manifestation of individual anomie: Social and gender aspects of the problem

Introduction. The present paper continues the line of research related to the various forms of anomie in Russian society. In the proposed study, individual forms of anomie manifestation are considered on the example of deviant behaviour of adolescents (students aged 13-17 years old) depending on the gender and mechanisms of its perception by teachers of educational institutions (mental representation of the phenomenon). The aim of the research is to identify the main forms of individual anomie (as deviant behaviour of adolescents) from the standpoint of the teachers' perceptions of student behavior (mental representation of the behaviour of adolescents, depending on the factor of their gender and deviant / prosocial type of behaviour). Methodology and research methods. To obtain sociological data, the following methods were used: questionnaire survey, focused interview, testing. Further, the obtained results were processed by mathematical processing methods (the Fisher analysis of variance (type III SS, polynomial effect)). The influence and interaction of gender factors and the type of deviant/ prosocial behaviour in adolescents (through the mental representation of this phenomenon by teachers of educational organisations) were considered. The current research involved 1643 students aged from 13 to 17 years old and 832 teachers. Results and scientific novelty. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that the most pronounced forms of deviant behaviour of modern adolescents in the perception of teachers of educational organisations are smoking and absenteeism. This deviant behaviour of adolescents aged 13-17 years old can be considered as the manifestation of individual anomie (in the perception of teachers as “abnormal”). The structure of adolescents' deviant behaviour in the “deviant” group differs more from the structure of adolescents' behaviour in the “prosocial” group. The gender factor of the research participants has a significant impact on the structure of teachers' perception of the behaviour of adolescents in the group of “deviant” and “prosocial” types of behaviour. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the authors of the study considered the deviant behaviour of adolescents as the manifestation of individual anomie. Moreover, for the first time, the authors investigated the structure of deviant behaviour of adolescents aged 13-17 years old (with differentiation by gender) and identified the features of the “norm” of behaviour of adolescents in the Russian Federation in the perception of teachers of educational organisations. This allows us to identify the system-forming factors, which influence the attribution of adolescent behaviour to the category of “norm/normality” (as manifestations of anomie), and to consider the mechanisms of teachers' mental representation of the “deviant/prosocial” type of student behaviour, depending on gender.Введение. Данная работа продолжает линию исследований, касающихся различных форм проявления аномии в российском обществе. В предлагаемом исследовании рассмотрены индивидуальные формы проявления аномии на примере девиантного поведения подростков (обучающихся 13-17 летнего возраста) в зависимости от гендера и механизмы его восприятия педагогами образовательных организаций (ментальная репрезентация явления). Цель исследования - выявить основные формы проявления индивидуальной аномии (как девиации поведения подростков) с позиций восприятия поведения обучающихся педагогами образовательных организаций (ментальная репрезентация поведения подростков в зависимости от фактора их пола и девиантного/просоциального типа поведения). Методология и методы. В качестве методов сбора социологической информации использовались следующие: анкетный опрос, фокусированное интервью, тестирование. Далее полученные результаты обрабатывались методами математической обработки (дисперсионный факторный анализ по Фишеру (тип III SS, полиномиальный эффект)). Рассматривались влияния и взаимодействия факторов гендера и типа девиантного/просоциального поведения у подростков (через ментальную репрезентацию этого явления педагогами образовательных организаций). В исследовании приняли участие обучающиеся в возрасте от 13 до 17 лет в количестве 1 643 человека и 832 педагога. Результаты и научная новизна. Было определено, что наиболее выраженными формами девиантного поведения современных подростков в восприятии педагогов образовательных организаций являются: (а) курение, (б) прогулы учебных занятий. Данное девиантное поведение подростков в возрасте 13-17 лет можно рассматривать как проявление индивидуальной аномии (в восприятии педагогов как «безнормие»). Структура девиантного поведения подростков «девиантной» группы отличается от структуры поведения подростков «просоциальной» группы большей версатильностью. Фактор гендера участников исследования оказывает значимое влияние на структуру восприятия педагогами образовательных организаций поведения подростков как в группе «девиантного», так и в группе «просоциального» типа поведения. Научная новизна работы заключается в том, что впервые девиантное поведение подростков рассмотрено как проявление индивидуальной аномии. Авторами была исследована структура девиантного поведения подростков в возрасте 13-17 лет (с дифференциацией по гендерному фактору) и выявлены особенности «нормы» поведения подростков РФ в восприятии педагогами образовательных организаций. Это позволяет выявить системообразующие факторы, оказывающие влияние на отнесение поведения подростка к категории «нормы/безнормности» (как проявления аномии), и рассмотреть механизмы ментальной репрезентации «девиантного/просоциального» типа их поведения педагогами образовательных организаций в зависимости от гендера.The authors express their gratitude to the staff of the Institute for Regional Development of Education of the Sverdlovsk Region for long-term and fruitful research collaboration. The authors gratefully acknowledge T.A. Sundukova, Head of the Education Monitoring Department, for her active participation in the collection of empirical data. Moreover, the authors would like to thank the reviewers for their attention and valuable comments on improving the text of the article.Авторы выражают благодарность коллективу МАОУ ДПО «Институт регионального развития образования» Свердловской области за длительное и плодотворное сотрудничество в исследовании данной темы и лично Т.А. Сундуковой, руководителю отдела мониторинга образования, за активное участие в сборе эмпирических данных, а также уважаемым рецензентам за проявленное внимание и ценные замечания по улучшению текста статьи

First experience of using Brentuximab vedotin and modified program NHL-BFM-90 in the front-line treatment of patient with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a case report and a review of literature

Nodal anaplastic ALK-negative large cell lymphoma (nALCL, ALK-) is a Т-cell lymphoma that is characterized by aggressive clinical course and low sensitivity to СНОР (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) and other chemotherapy regimen. In the article we present a literature review and describe our clinical case of nALCL, ALK-. For the first time a combination of Brentuximab vedotin with modified program NHL-BFM-90 was used as a first-line therapy. As a result of immunochemotherapy a complete antineoplastic effect was obtained. For consolidation of this effect high-dose chemotherapy with following autologous blood stem cell transplantation was performed. The chosen treatment tactics allowed to achieve a complete remission in a medium risk group patient

Universal Oligonucleotide Microarray for Sub-Typing of Influenza A Virus

A universal microchip was developed for genotyping Influenza A viruses. It contains two sets of oligonucleotide probes allowing viruses to be classified by the subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1–H13, H15, H16) and neuraminidase (N1–N9). Additional sets of probes are used to detect H1N1 swine influenza viruses. Selection of probes was done in two steps. Initially, amino acid sequences specific to each subtype were identified, and then the most specific and representative oligonucleotide probes were selected. Overall, between 19 and 24 probes were used to identify each subtype of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Genotyping included preparation of fluorescently labeled PCR amplicons of influenza virus cDNA and their hybridization to microarrays of specific oligonucleotide probes. Out of 40 samples tested, 36 unambiguously identified HA and NA subtypes of Influenza A virus

The Major Surface-Associated Saccharides of Klebsiella pneumoniae Contribute to Host Cell Association

Analysing the pathogenic mechanisms of a bacterium requires an understanding of the composition of the bacterial cell surface. The bacterial surface provides the first barrier against innate immune mechanisms as well as mediating attachment to cells/surfaces to resist clearance. We utilised a series of Klebsiella pneumoniae mutants in which the two major polysaccharide layers, capsule and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were absent or truncated, to investigate the ability of these layers to protect against innate immune mechanisms and to associate with eukaryotic cells. The capsule alone was found to be essential for resistance to complement mediated killing while both capsule and LPS were involved in cell-association, albeit through different mechanisms. The capsule impeded cell-association while the LPS saccharides increased cell-association in a non-specific manner. The electrohydrodynamic characteristics of the strains suggested the differing interaction of each bacterial strain with eukaryotic cells could be partly explained by the charge density displayed by the outermost polysaccharide layer. This highlights the importance of considering not only specific adhesin:ligand interactions commonly studied in adherence assays but also the initial non-specific interactions governed largely by the electrostatic interaction forces