Сведочанства о заједничком животу - немачки путописи XVIII и XIX века о Грцима у Србији

Searching for testimonies to common life on the territory of South-East Europe, the testimonies freed from excessively emotional and partial views and opinions, in this paper the author has examined, on the basis of the material found in travel accounts, how foreigners saw, understood and interpreted the presence of Greeks in Serbia in the 19th century. The question at issue is primarily travel accounts, published in separate books and journals in the German language. From the chronological point of view the paper discusses notes made on journeys starting from the first decades of the 18th century, until the time when Serbia gained independence and international recognition in the 19th century.Tragajući za svedočanstvima o zajedničkom životu na prostorima jugoistočne Evrope, za onim svedočanstvima koja su oslobođena suvišnih emocionalnih i pristrasnih pogleda i mišljenja, autor je u radu, na osnovu građe koju pružaju putopisi, ispitao kako su stranci videli, shvatili i tumačili prisustvo Grka u Srbiji tokom XIX veka. U ovom slučaju reč je, na prvom mestu o putopisima objavljenim u zasebnim knjigama i časopisima, na nemačkom jeziku. Hronološki posmatrano, u radu se raspravlja o beleškama putnika nastalim u prvim decenijama XVIII veka pa sve do sticanja nezavisnosti i međunarodnog priznanja ondašnje Srbije u XIX veku. Građa, odnosno beleške o Grcima u Srbiji u XVIII i XIX veku, koji se nalaze u tekstovima pomenutih autora, može se svrstati u nekoliko celina: a) upotreba pojedinih pojmova i njihova značenja, b) Grci kao pripadnici pojedine etničke zajednice u Srbiji u XVIII i XIX veku, v) Grci kao duhovnici i svetovnjaci u Srbiji XVIII i XIX veku, g) o kulturi, školstvu književnosti

Taxing Artificial Intelligence and Robots: Critical assessment of Potential Policy Solutions and Recommendation for Alternative Approaches

In recent years, investments in technology have resulted in an exponential growth of AI/robots. It is argued that some of these innovations are able to outperform and replace humans in various types of jobs. Accordingly, concerns regarding government revenues have been raised, as AI/robots could trigger widespread unemployment with the result that less tax revenue will accrue to the government. This contribution, as a start, analyses whether or not this is truly a concern. In order to do so, the authors map the Industrial Revolution(s) that humankind has witnessed and then conduct a literature review of economic and demographic studies relevant to the debate. The economic studies indicate two different directions, that is, some argue that AI/robots (Industry 4.0) will increase human jobs whereas others argue that jobs could disappear. At the same time, the demographic perspective indicates that a purely economic employment-focused view of AI/robots is bound to lead to inconclusive results. Assuming that this is a probable concern, the authors summarize selected measures taken by governments as well as the various options that have been considered in academic literature to introduce taxes on AI/robots. Subsequently, the authors analyse the various “taxing” options from the perspective of commonly accepted tax policy principles applicable to electronic commerce (Ottawa Taxation Framework conditions). This analysis indicates that several proposals (e.g. proposals that treat AI/robots as independently taxable subjects or proposals that attribute income to owners of AI/robots) breach the principles of (i) neutrality; (ii) simplicity and certainty; (iii) efficiency; (iv) effectiveness and fairness; and (v) flexibility. Thus, such measures should not be pursued. The authors also conclude that, at this stage, targeted taxes on AI/robots should not be introduced, as this would also be contrary to the measures taken by governments globally to promote research and development (R&D) (input or output incentives). The present contribution therefore suggests that governments need to be proactive rather than reactive in this area. This could be achieved by monitoring the impact of AI/robots on a regular basis, and if the trend indicates that jobs are disappearing or revenues are declining, then the article suggests that states raise funds from an earmarked education tax. The funds raised from this tax, among other objectives, should be used to finance and foster professional educational programmes to reskill workers, besides assisting and guiding them to transition into new roles. However, a national measure may not be sufficient to tackle the issue (issues) at stake, especially in light of the demographic perspective discussed in the contribution. Thus, considering some jurisdictions may not be in a position to implement or fully benefit from an education tax, the authors also discuss the possibility of implementing a global fiscal redistribution mechanism (multilateral solution) from developed (surrender jurisdictions) to developing countries (recipient jurisdictions). The latter, depending on its scope, could be in the form of a global education tax or more broadly a planetary tax

Ecologically acceptable usage of derivatives of essential oil of sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum, as antifeedants against larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar

Ethanol solutions of five fractions obtained from essential oil of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) (F1-F5) were tested for their antifeedant properties against 2nd instar gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), in laboratory non-choice and feeding-choice experiments. Prior to bioassays, the chemical composition of each fraction was determined by gas chromatography analyses. Significant larval deterrence from feeding was achieved by application of tested solutions to fresh leaves of the host plant. The most effective were F1 (0.5%), F4 (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5%), and F5 (0.1 and 0.5%), which provided an antifeedant index > 80% after five days. A low rate of larval mortality was observed in no-choice bioassay. In situ screening of chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of plant stress level (assessed by the induced fluorometry) confirmed that the tested compounds did not cause alternations in the photosynthetic efficiency of treated leaves

Optics in the Schwarzschild space-time

Realistic modelling of radiation transfer in and from variable accretion disks around black holes requires the solution of the problem: find the constants of motion and equation of motion of a light-like geodesic connecting two arbitrary points in space. Here we give the complete solution of this problem in the Schwarzschild space-time.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, type C orbits added, analytic solutions for time of flight of photons for all 3 types of orbits adde

Convoluted CC-cosine functions and semigroups. Relations with ultradistribution and hyperfunction sines

Convoluted $C$-cosine functions and semigroups in a Banach space setting extending the classes of fractionally integrated $C$-cosine functions and semigroups are systematically analyzed. Structural properties of such operator families are obtained. Relations between convoluted $C$-cosine functions and analytic convoluted $C$-semigroups, introduced and investigated in this paper are given through the convoluted version of the abstract Weierstrass formula which is also proved in the paper. Ultradistribution and hyperfunction sines are connected with analytic convoluted semigroups and ultradistribution semigroups. Several examples of operators generating convoluted cosine functions, (analytic) convoluted semigroups as well as hyperfunction and ultradistribution sines illustrate the abstract approach of the authors. As an application, it is proved that the polyharmonic operator $(-\Delta)^{2^{n}},$ $n\in {\mathbb N},$ acting on $L^{2}[0,\pi]$ with appropriate boundary conditions, generates an exponentially bounded $K_{n}$-convoluted cosine function, and consequently, an exponentially bounded analytic $K_{n+1}$-convoluted semigroup of angle $\frac{\pi}{2},$ for suitable exponentially bounded kernels $K_{n}$ and $K_{n+1}.

Activation energies as the validity criterion of a model for complex reactions that can be in oscillatory states

Modeling of any complex reaction system is a difficult task. If the system under examination can be in various oscillatory dynamic states, the apparent activation energies corresponding to different pathways may be of crucial importance for this purpose. In that case the activation energies can be determined by means of the main characteristics of an oscillatory process such as pre-oscillatory period, duration of the oscillatory period, the period from the beginning of the process to the end of the last oscillation, number of oscillations and others. All is illustrated on the Bray-Liebhafsky oscillatory reaction

The possibility of obtaining beta-anhydrite from waste nitrogypsum

The possibility of obtaining β - anhydrite from nitrogypsum, which is waste from a nitrocellulose plant, was investigated. It was shown by means of qualitative IR analysis that the product obtained by heating nitrogypsum for 5 hours at 700 o C was â - anhydrite. When the β- anhydrite was mixed with water at a W/S (water/solid) ratio of 0.54 in presence of different accelerators (CaO, mixture CaO - ash, ash, Na2SO4 and K2SO4), pastes were formed which hardened on standing. The compressive strength of the hardened samples was measured after 7 and 28 days and their composition determined by qualitative IR analysis. On the basis of these results, it was observed that a relationship exists between the composition (depending on the used accelerator) and the compression strength of the samples. Namely, the formation of large cores of double salts: syngenite (K2SO4 ⋅CaSO4 ⋅H2O) and glauberite (Na2SO4 ⋅CaSO4), in the presence of the accelerators K2SO4 and Na2SO4, respectively, was due to the rapid and complete crystallization of the dihydrate (CaSO4 ⋅2H2O). This fast crystal growth of the dihydrate resulted in high compressive strengths of these samples. In the other samples (prepared in presence of the accelerators: CaO, mixture CaO - ash and ash), dihydrate did not form and, consequently, their compressive strength was low

DESIGN OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIATOR WITH PARALLEL ALL-PASS STRUCTURE

In this paper a new method for design of the first order differentiator is presented. The proposed differentiator consists of two parallel branches, i.e. direct path and IIR all-pass filter. The described design method allows one to obtain solution with minimum mean relative error at the desired region by controlling the ratio of phase response extremes. A small relative magnitude error, as well as a low phase error, at low frequencies is condition for good time domain behaviour. The obtained differentiator can be realized by means of only two multipliers, hence being a good choice for real time applications. The proposed solution provides a lower magnitude error than several known differentiators with similar phase error

Analytical time-like geodesics

Time-like orbits in Schwarzschild space-time are presented and classified in a very transparent and straightforward way into four types. The analytical solutions to orbit, time, and proper time equations are given for all orbit types in the form r=r(\lambda), t=t(\chi), and \tau=\tau(\chi), where \lambda\ is the true anomaly and \chi\ is a parameter along the orbit. A very simple relation between \lambda\ and \chi\ is also shown. These solutions are very useful for modeling temporal evolution of transient phenomena near black holes since they are expressed with Jacobi elliptic functions and elliptic integrals, which can be calculated very efficiently and accurately.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, accepted by General Relativity and Gravitatio