Gustavo Bolívar : el hombre de las narcotelenovelas

El presente artículo reseñará la principal obra del creador de la narcotelenovela en Colombia, Gustavo Bolívar, quien desde su primer trabajo para la televisión sobre el tema del narcotráfico, Sin tetas no hay paraíso, no dejó de revolucionar el género a través de la escritura de sus siguientes obras: Tres Caínes y cada una de las temporadas de El capo.El present article ressenyarà la principal obra del creador de la narcotelenovel·la a Colòmbia, Gustavo Bolívar, qui des del seu primer treball per la televisió sobre el tema del narcotràfic, com és Sin tetas no hay paraíso, no va deixar de revolucionar el gènere a través de l'escriptura de les seves següents obres, com van ser Tres Caínes i cadascuna de les temporades de El capo.This article focuses on Gustavo Bolívar's work as a creator of the narcotelenovela, genre born in Colombia. Since his first work, Sin tetas no hay paraíso (Without breasts there is no paradise), he revolutions the gener with the writing of Tres Caínes (Three Caínes) and with the three seasons of El Capo

Isolation of monomeric s-trans-acrylic acid as a hydroxy host inclusion crystal showing anomalous C=O stretching absorptions

The structure of monomeric s-trans-acrylic acid, trapped in an inclusion complex with an hydroxy host, was elucidated by X-ray analysis

Chiroptical Studies on Anisotropic Condensed Matter: Principle and Recent Applications of the Generalized-High Accuracy Universal Polarimeter

Chiroptics is the study of the changes in circular polarization states of light transmitted through analytes typically dissolved in isotropic solutions. However, experimental challenges have long prevented chiroptical measurements of anisotropic media such as single crystals of low symmetry, liquid crystals, or structured films. The high accuracy universal polarimeter (HAUP) was introduced in 1983 to investigate the differential refraction of left and right circular polarization states, circular birefringence (CB), and even in anisotropic media that are dominated by the differential refraction of orthogonal linear polarization states, linear birefringence (LB). In this century, the HAUP was extended to also measure not only the dispersive optical effects (CB and LB) but also the corresponding dissipative effects, circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD), differences in light absorption. The improved device is the generalized-HAUP (G-HAUP). Not only can it deliver all the linear optical properties of dissymmetric, anisotropic, and absorbing media, but it can also do so in the ultraviolet as well as the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this review, characteristic features of the G-HAUP and its applications to crystals of photomechanical salicylidenephenylethylamines, alanine, benzil, and magneto-optical CeF3 are described

Formation of racemic compound crystals by mixing of two enantiomeric crystals in the solid state. Liquid transport of molecules from crystal to crystal

Mixing of powdered (-)- and (+)-enantiomer crystals in the solid state gives crystals of the racemic compound. This racemic crystal formation was followed by IR spectral measurement of a 1 :1 mixture of (-)- and (+)-enantiomer crystals as a Nujol mull. As the formation of racemic crystals proceeds, the OH absorptions of the enantiomer disappear gradually and new OH absorptions due to the racemic compound appear. The formation of racemic crystals from enantiomer crystals has been studied for various kinds of chiral compounds: 2,29-dihydroxy-1,19-binaphthyl (1) and its derivatives, 10,109-dihydroxy-9,99-biphenanthryl (4), 2,29-dihydroxy-4,49,6,69-tetramethylbiphenyl (5) and its derivatives, 4,49-dihydroxy-2,29,3,39,6,69- hexamethylbiphenyl (8), 1,6-di(o-chlorophenyl)-1,6-diphenylhexa-2,4-diyne-1,6-diol (11) and its derivatives, trans-4,5-bis[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxacyclopentane (17) and itsderivatives, tartaric acid (20) dimethyl tartrate (21), malic acid (22), mandelic acid (23), and norephedrine (24). These molecular movements and blending occur rapidly in the presence of liquids such as liquid paraffin (Nujol), seed oils such as olive, coconut, rapeseed and soybean oil, artificial oil such as silicone oil and water, although the same movement also occurs in the absence of the liquid. For example, keeping a mixture of powdered (-)-1 (1a) and (+)-1 (1b) at room temperature for 48 h gives racemic crystals (1c). However, molecular aggregation sometimes occurs in solution but not in the solid state. Forexample, recrystallization of (-)-16 (16a) and (+)-16 (16b) from solvent gives racemic crystals of 16c, although mixing of these two components as powders in the presence of liquid does not give 16c. In order to determine the mechanism of the molecular movement in the solid state, X-ray crystal structures of optically active and racemic compounds and also the molecular movements from optically active crystal to racemic crystal have been studied

Photomechanical Azobenzene Crystals

Photomechanically responsive materials are promising candidates for future smart actuator applications. The photo-responsive behaviors originate from the photoisomerization of photochromic molecules. A typical photochromic compound, azobenzene, has been studied extensively in the solution state and has played a crucial role in the photomechanical behaviors of materials such as polymers and gels, via chemical bridging with their matrix. In contrast to polymers and gels, the photomechanical attributes of molecular crystals have not progressed to the same degree, due to their rigidity and fragility. However, the past decade has witnessed an increasing number of reports of the photomechanical motion of molecular crystals, including azobenzene crystals. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of mechanically responsive azobenzene crystals, including the history, crystal design strategy, and future promising applications

Fast-type high-accuracy universal polarimeter using charge-coupled device spectrometer

A fast, high-accuracy universal polarimeter was developed using a charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometer (CCD-HAUP), to carry out simultaneous optical anisotropic (linear birefringence, LB; linear dichroism, LD) and chiroptical (circular birefringence, CB; circular dichroism, CD) measurements on single crystals without any pretreatment, in the visible region between 400–680 nm. The principle of the HAUP method is to measure the intensities of emergent light passing through a polarizer, a crystal sample, and then an analyzer, as the azimuth angles of the polarizer and analyzer are independently altered. The CCD-HAUP has the unique feature that white transmitted light intensity can be measured using a CCD spectrometer, compared with the generalized HAUP (G-HAUP) system in which monochromatic transmitted light is measured using a photomultiplier. The CCD-HAUP measurements across the entire wavelength region are completed within the G-HAUP measurement time for a single wavelength. The CCD-HAUP drastically reduces the measurement time for a dataset to only 1.5 h, from the 24 h required for the G-HAUP system. LB, LD, CB, and CD measurements of single crystals of α-quartz and enantiomeric photomechanical salicylidenephenylethylamines before, during, and after ultraviolet light irradiation show results comparable to those obtained using the G-HAUP system. The newly developed system is very effective for samples susceptible to degradation induced by external stimuli, such as light and heat