ENTERAL NUTRITION OF PATIENTS WITH PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY

Nutrition and the intake of necessary nutrients is the basic need of every organism and indispensable for normal functioning of every living creature. The problem arises if there are constraints or inability to adequately take in food to meet all the nutritive needs of the organism and thus the risk of the development of malnutrition. In such situations, enteral nutrition practices are often used as an artificial feeding method, and if the need for such nutritional support is longer-lasting, it is advisable to set an indication for placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as one of the most effective ways of enteral nutrition. This is the procedure where a specially adapted probe is placed through the abdominal wall directly into the stomach. Applications are numerous, and given that this is a long-term artificial nutrition method, it is most often used in chronic, neurological or oncological patients. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of adequate enteral nutrition as the main segment in prevention and treating malnutrition. In particular, specificities of enteral diet via PEG are presented as the most effective and safest method of artificial nutrition, which is accompanied by the results of the monthly monitoring of the nutritional status and the manner of feeding, as well as the clinical status of the person with PEG. In this case report results were compared before and after implantation of PEG

ENTERAL NUTRITION OF PATIENTS WITH PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY

Nutrition and the intake of necessary nutrients is the basic need of every organism and indispensable for normal functioning of every living creature. The problem arises if there are constraints or inability to adequately take in food to meet all the nutritive needs of the organism and thus the risk of the development of malnutrition. In such situations, enteral nutrition practices are often used as an artificial feeding method, and if the need for such nutritional support is longer-lasting, it is advisable to set an indication for placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as one of the most effective ways of enteral nutrition. This is the procedure where a specially adapted probe is placed through the abdominal wall directly into the stomach. Applications are numerous, and given that this is a long-term artificial nutrition method, it is most often used in chronic, neurological or oncological patients. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of adequate enteral nutrition as the main segment in prevention and treating malnutrition. In particular, specificities of enteral diet via PEG are presented as the most effective and safest method of artificial nutrition, which is accompanied by the results of the monthly monitoring of the nutritional status and the manner of feeding, as well as the clinical status of the person with PEG. In this case report results were compared before and after implantation of PEG

With food to health : proceedings of the 9th International scientific and professional conference

Proceedings contains 7 original scientific papers, 8 professional papers and 1 review paper which were presented at "9th International Scientific and Professional Conference WITH FOOD TO HEALTH", organised in following sections: Nutrition, Dietetics and diet therapy, Food safety, Food analysis, Production of safe food and food with added nutritional value

The health function of people with Diabetes mellitus due to their diet

Sam Diabetes mellitus definira se kao kronični poremećaj metabolizma zbog apsolutnog ili relativnog nedostatka inzulina, a posljedica je povremena ili trajna hiperglikemija. Okosnicu liječenja šećerne bolesti čini pravilna prehrana, tjelesna aktivnost i farmakoterapija. Brojna su istraživanja dokazala pozitivnu korelaciju između načina prehrane i optimalne razine glukoze u krvi. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi kojim načinom prehrane se oboljeli od šećerne bolesti najčešće hrane, na koji način su povezani ITM i prosječna razina glukoze u krvi, ima li smijeh utjecaja na razinu šećera u krvi, kakvo je zdravstveno funkcioniranje oboljelih te koliko često i kojom vrstom tjelesne aktivnosti se bave. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 98 ispitanika (20 oboljelih od tip 1 šećerne bolesti i 78 od tipa 2). Ispitanici su anketu rješavali pisanim putem u svojim udrugama, bolnici ili ordinacijama obiteljske medicine. Rezultati su obrađeni uporabom deskriptivne statistike i podijeljeni su s obzirom na tip bolesti, način prehrane i godine oboljenja. Prosječna dob ispitanika oboljelog od šećerne bolesti tip 1 je 31,75 godina, a većinu čine žene, dok je prosječna dob ispitanika oboljelog od tipa 2 64,62 godine, a većinu također čine žene. Prosječna razina šećera u krvi kod osoba oboljelih od tipa 1, a koje se hrane prema ADA modelu je 8 mmol/L, kod ispitanika koji nisu mijenjali prehranu iznosi 6,57 mmol/L, dok je najniži šećer u krvi kod osoba koje koriste LCHF prehranu 4,86 mmol/L. Prosječna razina šećera u krvi kod ispitanika oboljelih od tipa 2 je 6,97 mmol/L, i to onih prema ADA-modelu 6,09 mmol/l, kod onih koji se hrane prema LCHF-modelu je 7,53 mmol/l, a kod onih koji nisu mijenjali svoj način prehrane iznosi 7,04 mmol/L. Zdravstveno funkcioniranje u prosjeku je primjereno za ovu populaciju uz rijetka odstupanja i nije vezano uz sam tip prehrane. U ovome istraživanju dokazali smo kako niži ITM možemo povezati i s nižom razinom glukoze u krvi. Kod ispitanika koji su prosječno uhranjeni razina glukoze u prosjeku iznosi 4,8 mmol/L dok kod onih koji su prekomjerno uhranjeni iznosi 7,63 mmol/L. S obzirom na način prehrane najnižu prosječnu razinu glukoze u krvi pokazuju ispitanici koji se hrane prema ADA-modelu. Kod ispitanika oboljelih od šećerne bolesti tip 1 možemo utvrditi kako je smijanje dulje od 30 minuta dnevno povezano s nižom razinom glukoze u krvi, budući da su ti ispitanici u prosjeku imali razinu od 5 mmol/L, dok su oni koji su se smijali manje od 30 minuta dnevno u prosjeku imali 9,25 mmol/L glukoze u krvi. Kod ispitanika koji boluju od šećerne bolesti tip 2 ova razlika je neznatna. Svi ispitanici su naveli kako znaju da tjelesna aktivnost i tjelovježba imaju pozitivan učinak na zdravlje, no tek oko polovice ispitanih vježba.Diabetes mellitus is defined as a chronic metabolic disorder due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency and it resulted to intermittent or permanent hyperglycemia. The backbone of diabetes treatment is proper nutrition, physical activity and pharmacotherapy. Numerous studies have shown a positive correlation between eating habits and optimum blood glucose levels. The aim of this paper was to determine the food which people with Diabetes mellitus eat the most, the presence of certain foods in the diet and whether it is different in terms of eating modules, the way BMI is associated, the average blood glucose level and laugh, the health function of people with Diabetes mellitus and how often and which type of physical activity they are dealing with. The study involved 98 subjects (20 of the Type 1 diabetes patients and 78 of Type 2). Participants solved the survey in writing form in their associations, hospital or family medicine practise. The results were processed using descriptive statistics and were divided by type of disease, eating habits and years of illness. The average age of subjects with type 1 diabetes is 31.75 years, most of them are women, while the average age of subjects with type 2 is 64.62 years, and most of them are also women. The average level of blood sugar in type 1 patients, fed to the ADA model, is 8 mmol / L, in participants which do not change the diet is 6.57 mmol / L, while the lowest blood sugar levels had people using LCHF diet 4.86 mmol / L. The average blood sugar level in subjects with type 2 diabetes is 6.97 mmol / L, and participants which are on the ADA model is 6.09 mmol / l, whereas those who feed on the LCHF model are 7.53 mmol / l, and those who did not change their diet were 7.04 mmol / L. Healthy functioning on average is appropriate for this population with fewer deviations and it is not associate with the modul of eating. In this study, we have proved that the lower BMI can be associated with lower blood glucose levels. In subjects with normal BMI the incidence of glucose level is 4.8 mmol / L, those who are overweight it is 7.63 mmol / L, and in obese subjects it is 7.35 mmol / L. Considering the diet, the lowest average blood glucose levels are shown by subjects who feed on the ADA model. In Type 1 diabetic subjects, it can be established that laughing is associated with a lower blood glucose level. Those who laugh more than 30 minutes daily had 5 mmol/L glucose level, and those who laugh less than 30 minutes daily had 9.25 mmol / L glucose in the blood. In patients with Type 2 diabetes, this difference is negligible. All respondents stated that they know that physical activity and exercise have a positive effect on health, but only about half of them exercise

Antimicrobial assesment of aroylhydrazone derivatives in vitro

Aroylhydrazones 1–13 were screened for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities in vitro. N-(2-hydroxy-phenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (2), N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl-methylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (10), N-(3,5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (11), and N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (12) showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, with MIC values (in µmol mL–1) of 0.18–0.23, 0.11–0.20, 0.16–0.17 and 0.35–0.37, resp. Compounds 11 and 12, as well as N-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (6) and N-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (8) showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the lowest MIC values of 0.005–0.2, 0.05–0.12, 0.06–0.48 and 0.17–0.99 µmol mL–1. N-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (7) showed antifungal activity against both fluconazole resistant and susceptible C. albicans strains with IC90 range of 0.18–0.1 µmol mL–1. Only compound 11 showed activity against C. albicans ATCC 10231 comparable to the activity of nystatin (the lowest MIC 4.0 ×10–2 vs. 1.7 × 10–2 µmol mL–1). Good activity regarding multi-resistant clinical strains was observed for compound 12 against MRSA strain (MIC 0.02 µmol mL–1) and compounds 2, 6 and 12 against ESBL+ E. coli MFBF 12794, with the lowest MIC for compound 12 (IC50 0.16 µmol mL–1). Anti-biofilm activity was found for compounds 2 (MBFIC 0.015–0.02 µmol mL–1 against MRSA) and 12 (MBFIC 0.013 µmol mL–1 against EBSL+ E. coli). In the case of compound 2 against MRSA biofilm formation, MBFIC values were comparable to those of gentamicin sulphate, whereas in the case of compound 12 and EBSL+ E. coli even more favourable activity compared to gentamicin was observed

Antimicrobial assesment of aroylhydrazone derivatives in vitro

Aroylhydrazones 1–13 were screened for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities in vitro. N′-(2-hydroxy-phenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (2), N′-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl-methylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (10), N′-(3,5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (11), and N′-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (12) showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, with MIC values (in µmol mL−1) of 0.18–0.23, 0.11–0.20, 0.16–0.17 and 0.35–0.37, resp. Compounds 11 and 12, as well as N′-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (6) and N′-(2-hydroxy-5- methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (8) showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the lowest MIC values of 0.005–0.2, 0.05–0.12, 0.06–0.48 and 0.17–0.99 µmol mL−1. N′-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide (7) showed antifungal activity against both fluconazole resistant and susceptible C. albicans strains with IC90 range of 0.18–0.1 µmol mL−1. Only compound 11 showed activity against C. albicans ATCC 10231 comparable to the activity of nystatin (the lowest MIC 4.0 ×10−2vs. 1.7 × 10−2 µmol mL−1). Good activity regarding multi-resistant clinical strains was observed for compound 12 against MRSA strain (MIC 0.02 µmol mL−1) and compounds 2, 6 and 12 against ESBL+ E. coli MFBF 12794, with the lowest MIC for compound 12 (IC50 0.16 µmol mL−1). Anti-biofilm activity was found for compounds 2 (MBFIC 0.015–0.02 µmol mL−1 against MRSA) and 12 (MBFIC 0.013 µmol mL−1 against EBSL+ E. coli). In the case of compound 2 against MRSA biofilm formation, MBFIC values were comparable to those of gentamicin sulphate, whereas in the case of compound 12 and EBSL+ E. coli even more favourable activity compared to gentamicin was observed