Using Rounding Function in the Problems of Finite-Element Analysis

This work offers to supplement polynomial elements used by the step function of Heaviside and rounding functions which allows to simplify and formalise the record of test piecewise continuous function applying it for continual problems solution by the method of Galerkin.Key words: Finite element method; Galerkin; Rounding functio

Elite opinion and foreign policy in post-communist Russia

Russian elite opinion on matters of foreign policy may be classified as ‘Liberal Westerniser’, ‘Pragmatic Nationalist’ and ‘Fundamentalist Nationalist’, terms that reflect longstanding debates about the country’s relationship with the outside world. An analysis of press statements and election manifestoes together with a programme of elite interviews between 2004 and 2006 suggests a clustering of opinion on a series of strategic issues. Liberal Westernisers seek the closest possible relationship with Europe, and favour eventual membership of the EU and NATO. Pragmatic Nationalists are more inclined to favour practical co-operation, and do not assume an identity of values or interests with the Western countries. Fundamentalist Nationalists place more emphasis on the other former Soviet republics, and on Asia as much as Europe, and see the West as a threat to Russian values as well as to its state interests. Each of these positions, in turn, draws on an identifiable set of domestic constituencies: Liberal Westernisers on the promarket political parties, Pragmatic Nationalists on the presidential administration and defence and security ministries, and Fundamentalist Nationalists on the Orthodox Church and Communists

Morphometric study of hybridogenic species in Veronica subgenus Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae)

We demonstrate the results of morphometric investigations of hybrids in Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium (V. × altaica Kosachev und V. × kolyvanensis Kosachev et Shmakov) and their parents. Based on PCoA analysis with seven morphological characters, we reveal an intermediate position of the investigated hybrids and the most important taxonomic characters: ratio of length and width of the lamina of the upper leaves, height of plants, length of the longest corolla lobe and calyx lobe, presence of hairs on the calyx and their position, as well as the length of hairs on the internode below the inflorescence

Classical relativistic statistical mechanics: The case of a hot dilute plasma

Starting from predictive relativistic mechanics we develop a classical relativistic statistical mechanics. For a system of N particles, the basic distribution function depends, in addition to the 6N coordinates and velocities, on N times, instead of a single one as in the usual statistical mechanics. This generalized distribution function obeys N (instead of 1) continuity equations, which give rise to N Liouville equations in the case of a dilute plasma (i.e., to lowest, nonzero order in the charges). Hence, the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy for the reduced generalized distribution functions is derived. A relativistic Vlasov equation is obtained in this way. Thermal equilibrium is then considered for a dilute plasma. The calculation is explicitly worked out for a weakly relativistic plasma, up to order 1/c2, and known results are recovered

Check-list of Scrophulariaceae Juss. s. l. of North Asia

A synopsis of families Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, Orobanchaceae, Linderniaceae, Phrymaceae, and Mazaceae (i. e., Scrophulariaceae Juss. In the traditional sense = Scrophulariaceae s. l.) for North Asia is given. One subspecies (Linaria vulgaris subsp. pinetorum Kosachev) is described, the genus Deinostema T. Yamazaki is lectotypified. Scrophularia canescens Bong. is a new species in the flora of Mongolia. Veronica spuria L. is excluded from the flora of Mongolia and Scrophularia hilbigii Jäger is reduced to synonymy of S. canescens Bong

A new location of rare and listed in the "Red Book of the Altai Region" species for the Ust'-Pristan District of the Altai Region

The article contains a new distribution data of rare plant species listed in the "Red Data Book of the Altai Region" for the territory of the Ust'-Pristan District of the Altai Region. During the study of the flora of this region, five species of rare plants, previously not listed for the area, were found, as well as two species for which new places in the area were discovered. In addition, for each species, information about the new location, distribution in the Altai Region and a common one, as well as a map is given

MODELLING THE PROCESSES OF HYGROTHERMAL MECHANICS IN RICE DRYING

Grain-crops are justly considered to be the staple food in Russia as well as all over the world. The specific feature is that postharvest processing of the grain and, above all, drying is an essential stage of providing products of high quality in the sufficient amount. The changes of the technological parameters of the drying process which take place over time, have a significant practical value in terms of monitoring the process and defining the modes providing the quality of the product as well as calculating energy demands necessary to carry out this process. Hereof, the quality of the product received is defined by minimum crack formation of rice grain after the process. The aim of the work is to get a mathematical model of hygrothermal mechanics of rice drying. On the basis of A.V. Lykov’s system of differential equations which describe the changes in moisture content, temperature and pressure, transition to the system of ordinary differential equations was offered which is based on drawing up balance of mass and heat during the process of drying. This approach does not consider the properties of moisture content and temperature within the material but takes into account their mean value. Using a simplified model of hygrothermal mechanics of rice drying that we have got enabled us to reproduce the process of drying in the conditions of minimum crack formation within the studied range (the temperature of the drying agent from 50 to 70 °C, speed from 2.3 to 2.8 м/sеk). The dependences we have got enable us to predict the quality of rice grain during drying

Change of parametersof physiological state in Veronica spicata spicata L. s.str. in the flowering period under the influence of coal and rock dust in the territory of the Karakan Range (Kemerovo Region)

The influence of technogenesis associated with the development of the coal mining industry is multifaceted. One of the factors affecting the natural coal mining in the open method is coal and rock dust. To assess the response of plants to this effect, information was used on the change in the concentration of pigments obtained for three field seasons (2015-2017 g) obtained by spectrophotometry. The article gives information on the change in the content of chlorophylls in the leaves of one of Veronica spicata spicata L. s.str. veronica observation objects, which is a species with wide ecological amplitude. It is shown that the variability of the chlorophyll a and b concentrations in Veronica spicata serves as a reliable indicator in determining the degree of negative impact of coal and rock dust on plants