Names of Zero Suffixation in Russian Proverbs and Sayings

The problem statement is to study zero exponents' text-forming function in texts of different genres and styles. The object of the study is the usual names of zero suffixation in the Russian language and the features of their functioning in the works of small folklore genres – proverbs and sayings. The purpose of the paper is to identify the main word-formation types of names of zero suffixation presented in proverbs and sayings, to evaluate their role in organizing the literary space of utterances. Leading research methods are theoretical analysis of scientific and educational literature on the topic, method of continuous sampling, language, speech and text analysis, structural and semantic analysis of language material, comparative and statistical methods, and lesson observation. The article reveals the frequency of the use of certain word-formation types of names of zero suffixation (deverbal, denominal, adjective-based) in individual proverbs and sayings, points out the frequency of unprefixed names of zero suffixation, shows the features of compatibility of deverbatives, their place in the meaningful and rhythmic construction of proverbs and sayings. The figural and expressive properties of these formations are considered. The applied significance of the study and the possibility of using the results for linguodidactic purposes of teaching Russian as a native and as a foreign language are emphasized

Formação de palavras, morfímica, análise etimológica na escola

The grammatical analysis of words, phrases, sentences is one of the leading methods of language teaching. It allows you to see the structural and semantic features of the language, the patterns underlying it, helps to develop the language intuition, to master language forecasting skills. The grammatical analysis is one of the ways of deep penetration into people culture and the comprehension of national mentality features. An important role in this is played by the wordformative, morphemic and etymological analysis, which is not given enough attention during Russian language lessons at school. The relevance of the topic is conditioned by the need to update the content of education, to rethink the theoretical component of educational and methodological complexes in Russian language, taking into account the current state of linguistics. The problem of the study is to clarify the categorical-conceptual apparatus of word formation school course, to overcome the contradictions between scientific and school grammar. The aim of the study was to reveal typical inaccuracies in the interpretation of morphemics and word formation phenomena in Russian language course affecting the students' understanding of these linguistic sections and the conduct of language analysis. The novelty of the study consists in a number of theoretical proposition correction and refining related to the study of morphemics and word formation at school. The theoretical base of the study was the works on morphology, word formation, etymology of the Kazan linguistic school scholars I. Baudouin de Courtenay, V. Bogoroditsky, V. Markov, G. Nikolayev, E. Balalykina, the modern research in the field of word formation and the methods of Russian language teaching as well as the works of foreign scholars (Makleeva et al, 2017; Shchuklina, 2017; Matveeva and Fatkhutdinova, 2016; Andrew, 1998; Štekaner, 2000). The main significant results of the study are the following ones: They showed the importance of the general didactic scientific principle observation during the study of word formation. They revealed the main inaccuracies and contradictions in the treatment of morphemics and word formation phenomena during the school course of Russian language. They proposed a scientifically based system of word formation terms and concepts. The scientific and methodological approaches to the conduct of derivational, morphemic and etymological analysis have been refined and corrected.El análisis gramatical de palabras, frases y oraciones es uno de los principales métodos de enseñanza de idiomas. Le permite ver las características estructurales y semánticas del lenguaje, los patrones subyacentes, ayuda a desarrollar la intuición del lenguaje, dominar las habilidades de pronóstico del lenguaje. El análisis gramatical es una de las formas de penetración profunda en la cultura de las personas y la comprensión de las características de la mentalidad nacional. Un papel importante en esto lo desempeñan los análisis palabraformativo, morfémico y etimológico, que no reciben suficiente atención durante las clases de ruso en la escuela. La relevancia del tema está condicionada por la necesidad de actualizar el contenido de la educación, para repensar el componente teórico de los complejos educativos y metodológicos en el idioma ruso, teniendo en cuenta el estado actual de la lingüística. El problema del estudio es aclarar el aparato categórico conceptual del curso escolar de formación de palabras, para superar las contradicciones entre la gramática científica y escolar. El objetivo del estudio fue revelar las inexactitudes típicas en la interpretación de la morfología y los fenómenos de formación de palabras en el curso de lengua rusa que afectan la comprensión de los estudiantes en estas secciones lingüísticas y la realización del análisis del lenguaje. La novedad del estudio consiste en una serie de correcciones y refinamientos de proposiciones teóricas relacionadas con el estudio de la morfología y la formación de palabras en la escuela. La base teórica del estudio fueron los trabajos sobre morfología, formación de palabras, etimología de los escolares Kazan lingüística I. Baudouin de Courtenay, V. Bogoroditsky, V. Markov, G. Nikolayev, E. Balalykina, la investigación moderna en el campo de la formación de las palabras y los métodos de la enseñanza de la lengua rusa, así como las obras de académicos extranjeros (Makleeva et al, 2017; Shchuklina, 2017; Matveeva y Fatkhutdinova, 2016; Andrew, 1998; Štekaner, 2000). Los principales resultados significativos del estudio son los siguientes: Mostraron la importancia de la observación del principio científico didáctico general durante el estudio de la formación de palabras. Revelaron las principales inexactitudes y contradicciones en el tratamiento de la morfología y los fenómenos de formación de palabras durante el curso escolar de lengua rusa. Propusieron un sistema científicamente basado en términos y conceptos de formación de palabras. Se refinaron y corrigieron los enfoques científicos y metodológicos para la realización del análisis derivacional, morfémico y etimológico.A análise gramatical de palavras, frases e frases é um dos principais métodos de ensino de línguas. permitelhe ver as características de linguagem estruturais e semânticas, os padrões subjacentes, ele ajuda a desenvolver a intuição da linguagem, dominar a previsão de competências linguísticas. análise gramatical é uma forma de visão profunda sobre a cultura das pessoas e compreensão das características da mentalidade nacional. Um papel importante nesta é jogado por palavra-formação, morfema e análise etimológica que não recebe atenção suficiente durante as aulas de russo na escola. A relevância do tema é condicionada pela necessidade de atualizar o conteúdo da educação, a repensar o componente teórica do complexo educacional e metodológico em língua russa, tendo em conta o estado actual da linguística. O problema do estudo é esclarecer o aparelho categórica conceitual do ano lectivo de formação de palavras, para superar as contradições entre liceu científico. O objetivo do estudo foi revelar as imprecisões típicos na interpretação dos fenômenos de formação de morfologia e palavra no curso de língua russa afetando compreensão destas secções linguísticas dos alunos e realizar a análise da linguagem. A novidade deste estudo consiste em uma série de correções e aperfeiçoamentos de proposições teóricas relacionadas ao estudo da morfologia e palavra formação na escola. A base teórica do estudo eram obra na morfologia, formação de palavras, escola Kazan etimologia linguística I. Baudouin de Courtenay, Bogoroditsky V., V. Markov, G. Nikolayev, E. Balalykina, a pesquisa moderna no campo da a formação de palavras e métodos de ensino da língua russa, bem como obras de estudiosos estrangeiros (Makleeva et al, 2017; Shchuklina, 2017; Matveeva e Fatkhutdinova, 2016; Andrew, 1998; Štekaner, 2000). Os principais resultados significativos do estudo são os seguintes. Eles mostraram a importância de observar o princípio científico didático geral durante o estudo da formação de palavras. Eles revelaram as principais imprecisões e inconsistências no tratamento de fenômenos de formação de morfologia e palavra durante o ano escolar de língua russa. Eles propuseram um sistema cientificamente baseado em termos e conceitos de formação de palavras. abordagens científicas e metodológicas para a realização de derivational, morfémico e análise etimológica foram aperfeiçoados e corrigidos

Substantivismo formal em russo

Despite the fact that, the study of parts of speech in the Russian language has been conducted for more than two and a half centuries, attention to this topic has not weakened. Interest in the present stage of the development of linguistics is caused by the so-called transient phenomena in the sphere of parts of speech, i.e. transition of a word from one part of speech to another. Questions arise not only about the semantics, word-formation and general categories of similar words, but also about their particular grammatical features, the loss or acquisition of certain grammatical features. The relevance of the topic is due to the unresolved problem of interpreting the transition of words from different parts of speech to nouns, the need to refine the existing terminological synonymy in the grammar. The problem of the investigation consists in revealing the essence of formal substantiation, its difference from the actual substantivization (conversion), the relationship with the phenomenon of semantic word-formation. The aim of the research is to delineate the concepts of a noun, substantivization, formal substantivization, quasi-substantivization, conversion, the transition of words from one part of speech to another, grammatical homonymy, to show the relationship between grammar and word formation, the influence of semantic word formation on grammatical phenomena. The novelty of the study consists in the correction and refinement of a number of theoretical propositions related to the teaching of parts of speech in the Russian language, transitional phenomena in the sphere of nominal parts of speech, the study of the interrelation and interaction of word-formative and grammatical factors in language and speech.The theoretical basis for the study was the work on grammar and word formation of M. V. Lomonosov, V. Vinogradov, V. A. Beloshapkov, E. A. Zemskaya, D. V. Sichinava, V. Markov, G. A. Nikolaev. The main significant results of the study include the following. It is noted that cases of formal substantiation include examples of the functioning of morphemes, words of different parts of speech, word combinations, and sentences in the position of the subject, object or an action. The role of the context in determining the semantics peculiarity and the grammatical status of such constructions is shown. The leading role of semantic word-formation in the phenomena of formal substantivization and proper substantivization was noted. Attention is drawn to the semantic and grammatical syncretism of elements of formal substantivization.A pesar de que el estudio de las partes del discurso en el idioma ruso se ha realizado durante más de dos siglos y medio, la atención a este tema no se ha debilitado. El interés en la etapa actual del desarrollo de la lingüística es causado por los llamados fenómenos transitorios en la esfera de las partes del habla, es decir, la transición de una palabra de una parte del habla a otra. Las preguntas surgen no solo sobre la semántica, la formación de palabras y las categorías generales de palabras similares, sino también sobre sus características gramaticales particulares, la pérdida o adquisición de ciertas características gramaticales. La relevancia del tema se debe al problema no resuelto de interpretar la transición de palabras de diferentes partes del habla a sustantivos, la necesidad de refinar la sinonimia terminológica existente en la gramática. El problema de la investigación consiste en revelar la esencia de la sustanciación formal, su diferencia con la sustantivización (conversión) real, la relación con el fenómeno de la formación de palabras semánticas. El objetivo de la investigación es delinear los conceptos de sustantivo, sustantivización, sustantivización formal, cuasi-sustantivización, conversión, la transición de palabras de una parte del discurso a otro, homonimia gramatical, para mostrar la relación entre la gramática y la formación de palabras, la influencia de la formación de palabras semánticas en fenómenos gramaticales. La novedad del estudio consiste en la corrección y el refinamiento de una serie de proposiciones teóricas relacionadas con la enseñanza de las partes del discurso en el idioma ruso, los fenómenos transicionales en el ámbito de las partes nominales del habla, el estudio de la interrelación e interacción de la palabra Factores informativos y gramaticales en el lenguaje y el habla.La base teórica para el estudio fue el trabajo sobre gramática y formación de palabras de M. V. Lomonosov, V. Vinogradov, V. A. Beloshapkov, E. A. Zemskaya, D. V. Sichinava, V. Markov, G. A. Nikolaev. Los principales resultados significativos del estudio incluyen lo siguiente. Se observa que los casos de confirmación formal incluyen ejemplos del funcionamiento de los morfemas, palabras de diferentes partes del discurso, combinaciones de palabras y oraciones en la posición del sujeto u objeto de acción. Se muestra el papel del contexto en la determinación de la peculiaridad semántica y el estado gramatical de tales construcciones. Se observó el papel principal de la formación de palabras semánticas en los fenómenos de sustantivización formal y sustantivización adecuada. Se llama la atención sobre el sincretismo semántico y gramatical de los elementos de sustantivización formal.Embora o estudo das partes do discurso na língua russa tenha sido conduzido por mais de dois séculos e meio, a atenção a esse tópico não foi enfraquecida. O interesse no atual estágio de desenvolvimento da lingüística é causado pelos chamados fenômenos transitórios na área de partes do discurso, ou seja, a transição de uma palavra de uma parte do discurso para outro. Perguntas e categorias formação de palavras gerais de palavras semelhantes, mas também em suas características gramaticais particulares, perda ou aquisição de determinadas características gramaticais não surgem apenas sobre semântica. A relevância do tema é devido ao problema não resolvido de interpretar a transição de palavras de diferentes partes do substantivos fala, a necessidade de aperfeiçoar a sinonímia terminológica existente na gramática. O problema da pesquisa consiste em revelar a essência da comprovação formal, sua diferença com a comprovação real (conversão), a relação com o fenômeno da formação de palavras semânticas. O objetivo da pesquisa é delinear os conceitos de substantivo, sustantivización sustantivización formal, quasi-sustantivización, conversão, palavras de transição de uma parte do discurso para outro, homônimos gramaticais, para mostrar a relação entre a formação de gramática e palavra, a influência da formação de palavras semânticas em fenômenos gramaticais. A novidade do estudo é a correção e refinamento de uma série de proposições teóricas relacionadas com o ensino das partes do discurso em língua russa, fenômenos transitórios no campo de peças nominais do discurso, o estudo da inter-relação e Interação da palavra Fatores informativos e gramaticais na linguagem e na fala.A base teórica para o estudo foi o trabalho em gramática e palavra formação M. V. Lomonosov, V. Winogradow, V. A. Beloshapkov, E. A. Zemskaya, D. V. Sichinava, V. Markov, A. G. Nikolaev. Os principais resultados significativos do estudo incluem o seguinte. Observa-se que os casos de confirmação formal incluem exemplos de como morfemas, palavras de diferentes partes do discurso, combinações de palavras e frases na posição do sujeito ou objeto de ação. O papel do contexto na determinação da peculiaridade semântica e do estado gramatical de tais construções é mostrado. O principal papel da formação de palavras semânticas nos fenômenos de substantivação formal e substantivização adequada foi observado. Chama-se a atenção para o sincretismo semântico e gramatical dos elementos da substantivação formal

Zero suffixation on synchrony and diachrony

The appearance of zero suffixation formations in the language system was the reflection of laws and regularities that formed the basis for the development of the Indo-European wordbuilding system and which allow zero suffixation to remain one of the productive ways for vocabulary increase at the present stage of language development. The study contributes to the development of the doctrine about the so-called "zero categories" in the language, determines the specificity of zero suffixation words as a special case for the provision of word building and grammatical meanings without a material expression. The main methods of research: the method of linguistic description, word-formation and grammatical analysis, linguistic forecasting, the theoretical analysis of literature and the compilation of best practices, empirical methods: observation, ascertaining experiment conversation. The methodological basis of the study were the works by I.A. Boduen de Courtenay, F.F. Fortunatov, V.M. Markov, G.A. Nikolaev and the works of foreign scientists. The main results of the study: the correspondence of the zero - suffixation formations of the ancient word-building model of the Indo-European languages was revealed, the material expressed prototypes of zero morphemes were shown, the expansion of zero suffixation as the way of word development into other types of word formation was considered, the specific features of the zerosuffixation formations, their difference from derivatives with materially expressed formants were emphasized, confixed and transfixed forms were considered, including a zero "suffix" element. According to the results of the conducted research, the authors concluded that zero suffixation is one of the productive ways of word development throughout the history of the Russian language from the period of the Slavonic unity to its present state. The main layer of zero-suffixation formations was formed in Russian language by XVII-XVIII centuries, however, zero suffixation continues to be an active way of word development in colloquial speech and social dialects, spreading its influence on the truncation. Russian language formations with intermittent morphemes, including the zero suffix element, - confixes and transfixes are developed productively. The study of an essence, a place and a role of zero-suffixation in the word-formation system of both synthetic and analytical languages emphasizes the relevance and the importance of this word-formation phenomenon study in the diachronic and synchronic aspects for all Indo-European languages

Olympiad in Russian language as a form of bilingual student linguistic development

An extensive experience of the Kazan Federal University scholars for the performance of linguistic competitions at various levels, including international ones, allows to generalize and to formulate the guidelines for the preparation of bilingual students to the competitions of this type. In this article the authors consider Russian language Olympiad as one of the most effective forms to enhance the language development of bilingual students who know the native language, on the one hand (e.g., Tatar, Chuvash, Bashkir, Mordovian, Udmurt one, etc.), on the other hand, they know Russian language as they learn it at school. The urgency of the problem is in the fact that teachers often have difficulties in the preparation of students for the Olympics and in the increase of their interest to an intellectual competition, to the linguistic outlook increase, to the indepth study of Russian language. The purpose of the article is to analyze the Olympiad tasks and participants' responses, to develop the guidelines for teachers, to prepare bilingual students for the Olympics. The main research methods were analysis, observation, description, generalization and classification. During the preparation for the Olympic Games it is recommended to focus on student interests, to take into account the difficulties of Russian language facts mastering for bilingual students, communication skills, corrections, the psycho-emotional attitude of students, etc. We believe that this study contributes to the field of language education, to the language training of students, to the work with gifted children. It may be interesting for the teachers who teach bilingual students

FEATURES OF PRELIMINARY AND PERIODIC MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS OF SHIFT PERSONNEL IN THE ARCTIC SHELF

The article discusses the problems of grounding for additional documentation in the preliminary examination of a candidate to shift work in the Arctic shelf, of choosing the variant of preliminary and. periodic medical examinations in order to increase the effectiveness of medical support during the manufacturing process of medical screening, improving the effectiveness of periodic inspection, when combining it with the dispensary inspection

Practical approach to quantification of mRNA abundance using RT-qPCR, normalization of experimental data and MIQE

Reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become the most common method for characterizing expression patterns of individual mRNAs due to a large dynamic range of linear quantification, high speed, sensitivity, resolution and cost-effectiveness. However, the complexity of the protocol, variability of reagents, an inconsistent quality of biological samples, and the absence of standardized methods of data quantification may produce inconsistent results. In an effort to to standardize ithe procedure and assure high reliability of data, the minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments (MIQE) guidelines was defined and further extended by Prof. Bustin and colleagues (2004). These guidelines have been followed by the development of an XML-based real-time PCR data markup language (RDML) and a RDML data base for consistent reporting of RT-qPCR data created by the RDML consortium. Here we follow the RT-qPCR procedure step by step in compliance with MIQE requirements, local facilities and resources and our own experience in application of RT-qPCR methodology.Реакція зворотної транскрипції і ланцюгової полімеризації в реальному часі (ЗТ-кПЛР) стала найбільш уживаним методом для характеристики профілів експресії індивідуальних мРНК через можливості оцінки концентрацій в широкому діапазоні, відносної швидкості реакції, чутливості, роздільності і відносно невеликої вартості. Однак, багатоступеневий характер реакції, різні реактиви, різна якість біологічних зразків і відсутність стандартних приписів для проведення реакції приховують небезпеку отримати викривлені результати. Для стандартизації кожного з етапів методу і підвищення надійності результатів проф. С. Бустіним із співробітниками [2004] була розроблена методична інструкція, що містила мінімальну інформацію, яка необхідна для публікації результатів, отриманих за допомогою ЗТ-кПЛР. Крім того, RDML консорціумом на основі XML ( розширювана мова розмічання) створені спеціальна мова RDML і база даних RDML для збору і аналізу результатів ЗТ-кПЛР экспериментів. В цій статті ми описуємо весь процес ЗТ-кПЛР по етапах згідно вимог методичної інструкції MIQE і нашим власним досвідом у застосуванні цього методу.Реакция обратной транскрипции и количественной цепной полимеризации (ОТ-кПЦР) стала наиболее используемым методом для характеристики профиля экспрессии индивидуальных мРНК благодаря широкому диапазону измеряемых концентраций, малой затратности по времени исполнения, чувствительности, разрешающей способности и относительно небольшой стоимости. Однако, многоступенчатый характер реакции, разнообразие используемых реактивов, разное качество биологических образцов и отсутствие стандартных подходов для количественной оценки результатов таит опасность получить искаженные результаты. Для максимальной стандартизации каждого из этапов реакции и повышения надежности результатов проф. С. Бустиным с сотрудниками [2004] была разработана методическая инструкция с указанием минимальной информации (MIQE), необходимой для публикации данных, которые были получены с помощью ОТ-кПЦР. Кроме того, RDML консорциумом на основе XML (расширяемый язык разметки) разработан специальный язык RDML и создана база данных RDML для сбора и анализа результатов ОТ-кПЦР экспериментов. В этой статье мы описываем поэтапно весь процесс ОТ-кПЦР в соответствии с требованиями методической инструкции MIQE и нашим опытом в области применения этого метода

Risks of shift workers in professional activity in Far North

Climatic, geographical, industrial and welfare factors make on the body of shift worker claims exceeding its reserves, which excludes the possibility of complete adaptation to these conditions and leads to the existence of occupational health hazards. In extreme conditions, shift work in the Far North would be assessed not only occupational risks, but also the risks to the health and psychological risks. Assessment of the risks to health workers suggests a wide range of criteria and indicators, which improves the timely development and implementation of preventive measures. Psychological assessment of risks in a professional activity would develop technology and conduct management activities, as moral hazard and risks to health

Minipool Caprylic Acid Fractionation of Plasma Using Disposable Equipment: A Practical Method to Enhance Immunoglobulin Supply in Developing Countries

Plasma-derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) is on WHO’s Essential Medicines List, yet developing countries face severe shortages of this critical treatment. Infusion of IgG prepared from locally-collected plasma provides an advantageous mix of antibodies to viral and bacterial pathogens found in the living environment, and this can reduce recurrent infections in immune-deficient patients. We developed a simple manufacturing process using disposable equipment (blood bags, hemodialyzer, and filters) to isolate immunoglobulins from minipools of 20 plasma donations. This process yields a ca. 90% pure virally-inactivated immunoglobulin fraction at 50–60% recovery. Anti-hepatitis B and anti-rubella immunoglobulins were enriched fourfold to sixfold. The product was free of in-vitro thrombogenic and proteolytic activity, confirming its expected clinical safety profile. Virus validations showed caprylic acid treatment robustly inactivated or removed infectivity of lipid-enveloped viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus model. This simple and cost-effective process is implemented in Egypt to prepare experimental batches for clinical evaluation. It can enhance immunoglobulin supplies to treat immunodeficient patients through passive transmission of antibodies directed against local pathogens. The method requires minimal training and reasonable infrastructure, and is a practical means to prepare convalescent hyperimmune IgG during infectious outbreaks such as the current Ebola episode.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Microbiologí