Role of radial electric field in LH transition triggered by counter-NBI at low plasma Density in the TUMAN-3M tokamak

Threshold power needed to attain H-mode in a tokamak is a critical parameter for designing of future devices and in particular fusion reactor ITER [1]. According to commonly accepted scaling [2] the threshold power Pthr increases with average density ne when the density exceeds some ne min at which Pthr is minimal. An increase in the Pthr towards low density was observed in many experiments [3-6], prevents the transition at lower ne as well. Physics of the threshold power increase at low ne is not well understood. Since the radial electric field Er and Er×B sheared flow play important roles in the LH transition one could expect these quantities effect the low transitions. Toroidal rotation and radial electric field generation during counter-NBI have been studied in [7] and recently reconsidered theoretically in [8]. Thus, motivation for the presented study is to analyze effect of counter-NBI on the LH transition at low density.Гранична потужність Pthr, необхідна для переходу в H-режим, є критичним параметром при проектуванні термоядерних установок, у тому числі реактора ITER [1]. Відповідно до загальноприйнятого скейлинга [2] Pthr збільшується з ростом середньої щільності плазми ne, якщо ne перевершує деяке значення, при якому Pthr мінімальна. Збільшення Pthr при низьких щільностях також спостерігалося в багатьох експериментах [3-6]. Фізика цього явища до кінця не з'ясована. Однак, з огляду на той факт, що радіальне електричне поле Er і Er×B обертання плазми відіграють важливу роль у механізмі LH-переходу, можна очікувати, що ці фактори впливають і на LH-перехід при низьких щільностях. Явища тороїдального обертання плазми і появи Er під час контр-інжекції пучка нейтральних атомів були недавно досліджені як експериментально [7], так і теоретично [8]. Метою роботи, що представляється, є аналіз впливу контр-інжекції на процес LH-переходу при низькій щільності.Пороговая мощность Pthr, необходимая для перехода в H-режим, является критическим параметром при проектировании термоядерных установок, в том числе реактора ITER [1]. В соответствии с общепринятым скейлингом [2] Pthr увеличивается с ростом средней плотности плазмы ne, если ne превосходит некоторое значение, при котором Pthr минимальна. Увеличение Pthr при низких плотностях также наблюдалось во многих экспериментах [3-6]. Физика этого явления до конца не выяснена. Однако, учитывая тот факт, что радиальное электрическое поле Er и Er×B вращение плазмы играют важную роль в механизме LH-перехода, можно ожидать, что эти факторы влияют и на LH-переход при низких плотностях. Явления тороидального вращения плазмы и появления Er во время контр-инжекции пучка нейтральных атомов были недавно исследованы как экспериментально [7], так и теоретически [8]. Целью представляемой работы является анализ влияния контр-инжекции на процесс LH-перехода при низкой плотности

Comparative Analysis of Speech Behavior Stereotypes in the Speech of Children and Adults

Stereotyped lexical units are presented to the recipient as carriers of some relatively stable connotative, emotional and evaluative motivation. The achievement of the desired effect is explained, in particular, by the fact that the communication process, as a rule, occurs in non-verbal activity, and the personal meaning is also assimilated by the individual within the framework of non-verbal activity. The effectiveness of the influence of the stereotype on the consciousness of the individual is due to the explicitly expressed emotionality present in it. Figurative comparisons, rhyme, alliteration, and elements of conversational style act as factors that enhance the emotionality of stereotypes. The emergence of stereotypes is also associated with ethnopsycholinguistic factors. The reasons for the appearance of stereotypes in children's speech and in the speech of adults are directly opposite. In adult speech, the use of the name of a specific situation in place of the name of abstract semantics is permissible due to the existence of some ready-made schemes, since both the speaker and the listener possess a mechanism for determining the generality of class indicators, systematizing them, including them in the designation paradigm. In a child, the use of an utterance to denote an entire situation marks the process of building a paradigm of designation, the development of class indicators and their generalization. Therefore, conversational stereotypes are more widespread in the speech of adults than in the speech of children

Intercultural Communication from the Position of Linguistics, Extraling Vistics and Social Psychology

Cross-cultural communication is communication between representatives of different cultures, regardless of what field they communicate in. Now, when the mixing of peoples, the interpenetration of languages and cultures, the migration of population flows have reached an unprecedented scale, the problem of coexistence in a multicultural space, the dialogue of cultures, the education of tolerance for foreign cultures, the awakening of interest and respect for them, the overcoming of xenophobia, racism, nationalism and chauvinism is more acute than ever. This is the reason for the general increase in attention to intercultural communication, the study of its linguistic, sociological, psycholinguistic and other aspects.To date, research in the field of intersubject communication has focused on the behavior of people who encounter differences in language activity and the consequences of these differences. Most often, intersubject communication is interpreted as an adequate mutual understanding of communication participants belonging to different national cultures. Cross-cultural communication skills are necessary for those whose professional activities are directly related to the interaction between cultures and are carried out through communication. These include education, socio-political, translation, management, consulting, social work, journalism, business, etc. In recent years, increased interest not only in scientific circles, but also among the general public has attracted the problem of tolerance education. The main reasons for increasing attention to this problem are globalization, migration and socio-economic problems. In these conditions, the priority task is to address the problem of fostering tolerance in the younger generation

Metaphorical Epithets and Their Stylistic Functions

This article is devoted to the study of stylistic functions of metaphorical epithets in a poetic text. Many works are devoted to metaphor, which apparently occupies the main place among the linguistic means of expressing images. However, the question of the stylistic functions of metaphorical epithets is still not fully clarified. One of the laws of language development is manifested in the metaphorization of words, but the metaphorical meaning of a word is manifested only in context, thanks to the movement of the word into a new lexical environment. According to the established scientific tradition, it is customary to distinguish between general-language and individual-author metaphorization, while the functions of general-language and individual-author (poetic) metaphors are different: through general-language metaphorization, first of all, the expansion of the meaning of a word is achieved; in a poetic text, a metaphor gives a condensed characteristic of a particular subject, often claiming to penetrate into its essence, and it is aimed at revealing his individuality. The quality of metaphorical formations is also influenced by the genre in which the literary work is created. Depending on the genre and style of the work, there are not only techniques, but also means of metaphorization. Artistic methods also impose a certain seal on metaphorization. Analysis of metaphorical epithets in the light of the stated general provisions on metaphor and the essence of metaphorization based on the poems of A.S. Pushkin "The Caucasian Prisoner", M.Y. Lermontov "Mtsyri", I.S. Nikitin "Kulak" and N.A. Nekrasov's "Frost, Red Nose" showed that metaphorical epithets can be created by qualitative and relative adjectives. At the same time, common-language metaphorical epithets most often represent stable expressions of a living spoken language and thus indicate the nationality of the language, emphasize the national specifics of the works. In the creation of individual metaphorical epithets, the innovation of poets in the field of metaphorical creativity is clearly manifested, and a significant increase in the proportion of evaluative metaphorical epithets in the poems of Nikitin and Nekrasov, compared with the poems of Pushkin and Lermontov, is an undeniable consequence of their social orientation

First report of Agrobacterium vitis causing crown galls of wine grape in Russia

Symptoms of crown gall were observed in 9 of 15 surveyed vineyards located along Black Sea coast of Russia. Sampled tumor tissue was placed in a mortar and pestle for maceration. Serial dilutions of the resulting suspension were plated onto RS medium described by Roy and Sasser (1983). Isolation plates were incubated for 5 days at 28°C until bacteria developed. Colonies were consistent with morphology expected of Agrobacterium spp. On RS medium (opaque red center, translucent margin, mucoid) were purified on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate agar (YDC). Sixty-nine putative Agrobacterium isolates were confirmed by PCR with consensus primers virD2A/2C from the virD2 gene (Haas et al. 1995). Isolates—identified by PCR and producing tumors on indicator plants (carrot, red beet, sunflower) and on grapevine plants in 30 days after needle prick inoculation—were subjected to additional biochemical and physiological tests for Agrobacterium spp. (Moore et al. 2001). The tests included evaluation of 3-ketolactose production, alkaline reaction in litmus milk, growth on 2% and 5% NaCl, growth at 36°C, acid production from erythritol and melezitose, and alkali production from malonic acid and l-tartaric acid. Bacteria reisolated from inoculated grapevine plants were similar to original isolates in PCR test and 3-ketolactose production. The PGF/PGR primers amplifying the chromosomal polygalacturonase gene pehA (Szegedi and Bottka 2002) were used to identify A. vitis isolates and differentiate them from A. tumefaciens. Based on PCR, 18 of 69 tested isolates belonged to A. vitis and showed results of biochemical tests consisted with this species. In addition, for nine isolates, DNA sequence analysis of the housekeeping genes dnaK and trpE confirmed the isolates as A. vitis (Aujoulat et al. 2011). Sequences were deposited in GenBank as Accessions Nos. KT831413 to KT831421 for the dnaK gene and KT831422 to KT831430 for the trpE gene. Sequences were compared with corresponding genes of sequenced strain Agrobacterium vitis S4 (Accession No. CP000633.1). BLAST analysis revealed 99% homology for dnaK and 100% homology for trpE gene. This is the first documented Russian record of Agrobacterium vitis. © 2016, American Phytopathological Society. All rights reserved

Formation of the cognitive component cross-cultural competence within the framework of the discipline «Russian as a foreign language»

The profession of a doctor requires a foreign student to overcome language and cultural barriers, not only when communicating with patients, but also with teachers and classmates. A special role in this process is played by the academic discipline "Russian as a foreign language", which directly affects the issues of intercultural interaction.Профессия врача требует от иностранного студента умения преодолевать языковые и культурные барьеры не только при общении с пациентами, но и с преподавателями и однокурсниками. Особую роль в данном процессе играет учебная дисциплина «Русский язык как иностранный», которая напрямую рассматривает вопросы межкультурного взаимодействия