Environmental risk assessment studies on new plant protection products which have been elaborated from coniferous tree bark

ArticleNowadays there are still various chemical pesticides being applied in the course of ensuring plant protection. Since 2010, we have been working on the development of new, environmentally-friendly plant protection products which will provide an effective tool against pathogenic fungi and bacteria which cause disease in crop plants. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate a risk assessment for new plant protection products that have been elaborated on the basis of coniferous tree bark. Various products were tested which are extracted during the processing of wood bark from pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Ethanol extracts were formulated and applied during these experiments. Two formulations, which showed anti-fungal activity in vitro and in field trials on fruit crops (involving strawberries and raspberries) were selected for the risk assessment studies. The impact was studied of formulation treatment on crop plants and soil biological activity, and the accumulation of residues of active substances in crop plants and soil. The application of new formulations did not show any negative effect on the chlorophyll content and the chlorophyll fluorescence of plant leaves. The results showed that pine and spruce bark extract formulations contain active compounds (coumaric acid, quercetin, epicatechin, and ferulic acid) within the range of 5.1–5.9 mg kg-1 and 11.1– 443.9 mg kg-1 respectively. The amount of active substances which were determined in most cases was higher in the spruce bark extract formulation when compared to the pine bark extract formulation. Our results confirmed the presence of active compounds – epicatechin, quercetin, and coumaric acid – in strawberry fruits which remained untreated and in those that were treated with spruce ethanol extract formulation. Untreated raspberry fruits contained all four active substances within the range of 81–5,300 µg kg-1. We observed a significant increase of coumaric acid and quercetin in raspberries after their having been treated with spruce bark extract formulation in a 2% concentration, P < 0.05, and did not find any negative impact for spruce bark extract formulations when used on soil microbial biomass

FUNKCIONALNO MESO PERADI OBOGAĆENO BIOLOŠKI AKTIVNIM TVARIMA IZ NEUTRALNIH EKSTRAKATA DOBIVENIH OD SMREKOVIH IGLICA

Neutral extractives of spruce needles were produced from forestry by-products: the green biomass of spruce needles. The extractes of spruce needles extract con¬tains a significant amount of natural biologically active substances. In the course of our investigations, the evaluation of biologically active substances obtained from neutral extracts of spruce needles was carried out to assess their effect on quality of broiler chicken meat. The feeding trial was conducted with broiler chickens of the cross ROOS – 308 by adding neutral extract of spruce needles in the form of loose powder to the com¬position of broiler chicken diet. It was found that the loose powder feed additives containing neutral extract of spruce needles (0.05% and 0.10% in pure substance) used to supplement the broiler feed improved the quality of poultry meat. The feed additives containing biologically active substances from spruce needles neutral ex¬tract involved in metabolic processes of the broiler chicken organism, increased the n – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA) content in meat by 0.59 – 1.05% and the carotenoids’ content in liver by 1.46 – 1.70 mg kg -1, at the same time positively reducing the cholesterol level in meat by 17.18 – 26.16 mg 100 g-1 in comparison with the control group.Neutralni ekstrakti smrekovih iglica proizvedeni su iz smrekovih popratnih proizvoda, zelene biomase smrekovih iglica. Ekstrakti smrekovih iglica sadrže značajnu količinu prirodnih, biološki aktivnih tvari. U tijeku naših istraživanja procijenjene su biološki aktivne tvari dobivene iz neutralnih ekstrakata smrekovih iglica radi ocjene njihovog djelovanja na kakvoću mesa pilića brojlera. Proveden je pokus hranidbe brojlera križanaca Ross-308 dodavanjem neutralnih ekstrakata smrekovih iglica u obliku rasutog praška u smjesu za njihove obroke. Pokazalo se da je rasuti prašak kao dodatak hrani brojlera koji je sadržavao neutralne ekstrakte smrekovih iglica (0,05% i 0,10% čiste tvari) poboljšao kakvoću mesa pilića. Dodaci hrani koji sadrže biološki aktivne tvari iz neutralnog ekstrakta smrekovih iglica uključeni u metaboličke procese brojlera povećali su sadržaj n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (DHA) u mesu za 0,59-1,05% (P<0,05) i sadržaj karotenoida u jetri za 0,46-1,70 mgkg.-1(P<0,05) te u isto vrijeme pozitivno smanjili razinu kolesterola u mesu za 17,18-26,16 mg.100g-1(P<0,05) u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom

KIMA: Noise: A visual sound installation on urban noise

KIMA: Noise is a participatory art piece inviting audiences to explore impact of urban noises interactively. Using specific urban sound sources, the audience experiences noise as spatial soundscapes, responding to it, physically engaging and interacting with it. KIMA: Noise creates awareness for the phenomenon of noise pollution. The paper looks at preeminent research in the field, and draws conclusions of how sound affects us as individuals. The art project KIMA: Noise is introduced technically and conceptually

Auger cascades versus direct double Auger: relaxation processes following photoionization of the Kr 3d and Xe 4d, 3d inner shells

The relaxation processes after non-resonant inner-shell photoionization are studied experimentally using electron–electron time-of-flight coincidence spectroscopy. Results for krypton 3d and xenon 4d as well as 3d photoionization are presented. The experimental data make it possible to disentangle sequential from simultaneous processes using the different electron emission characteristics as the differentiating property. For the population of final states having charges higher than 2, the measurements show a strong preference for sequential Auger cascade decay. Clear evidence for direct double Auger processes is found in the case of Xe 3d photoionization only

Complications nutritionnelles et neuropsychiatriques de la chirurgie bariatrique, à propos de deux cas et revue de la littérature

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Photoelectron and photoion study of the valence photoionization of C₆₀

Recent photoion yield measurements, done in the valence photoionization region of C60, reveal a high fraction of doubly and even triply charged ions [see A. Reinköster, S. Korica, G. Prümper, J. Viefhaus, K. Godehusen, O. Schwarzkopf, M. Mast, U. Becker, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 (2004) 2135]. The Click to view the MathML source intensity increases continously up to hν≈60 eV and stays constants at higher photon energies. Moreover, the fragmentation into Click to view the MathML source and Click to view the MathML source is pronounced in the energy region hν≈50–70 eV. The question arises, if after electrons are removed from certain electronic levels, the multiple-ionization or even the fragmentation is somehow triggered. Or in other words, if the multiple-ionization or the fragmentation characteristics can be already seen in the simple (non-coincident) electron data. We can answer the question with the help of such non-coincident valence electron measurements, recorded in the interesting photon energy region hν≈40–70 eV