1,164 research outputs found
A Q-operator for the quantum transfer matrix
Baxter's Q-operator for the quantum transfer matrix of the XXZ spin-chain is
constructed employing the representation theory of quantum groups. The spectrum
of this Q-operator is discussed and novel functional relations which describe
the finite temperature regime of the XXZ spin-chain are derived. For
non-vanishing magnetic field the previously known Bethe ansatz equations can be
replaced by a system of quadratic equations which is an important advantage for
numerical studies. For vanishing magnetic field and rational coupling values it
is argued that the quantum transfer matrix exhibits a loop algebra symmetry
closely related to the one of the classical six-vertex transfer matrix at roots
of unity.Comment: 20 pages, v2: some minor style improvement
Auxiliary matrices on both sides of the equator
The spectra of previously constructed auxiliary matrices for the six-vertex
model at roots of unity are investigated for spin-chains of even and odd
length. The two cases show remarkable differences. In particular, it is shown
that for even roots of unity and an odd number of sites the eigenvalues contain
two linear independent solutions to Baxter's TQ-equation corresponding to the
Bethe ansatz equations above and below the equator. In contrast, one finds for
even spin-chains only one linear independent solution and complete strings. The
other main result is the proof of a previous conjecture on the degeneracies of
the six-vertex model at roots of unity. The proof rests on the derivation of a
functional equation for the auxiliary matrices which is closely related to a
functional equation for the eight-vertex model conjectured by Fabricius and
McCoy.Comment: 22 pages; 2nd version: one paragraph added in the conclusion and some
typos correcte
The twisted XXZ chain at roots of unity revisited
The symmetries of the twisted XXZ spin-chain (alias the twisted six-vertex
model) at roots of unity are investigated. It is shown that when the twist
parameter is chosen to depend on the total spin an infinite-dimensional
non-abelian symmetry algebra can be explicitly constructed for all spin
sectors. This symmetry algebra is identified to be the upper or lower Borel
subalgebra of the sl_2 loop algebra. The proof uses only the intertwining
property of the six-vertex monodromy matrix and the familiar relations of the
six-vertex Yang-Baxter algebra.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures. One footnote and some comments in the
conclusions adde
Quantum cohomology via vicious and osculating walkers
We relate the counting of rational curves intersecting Schubert varieties of the Grassmannian to the counting of certain non-intersecting lattice paths on the cylinder, so-called vicious and osculating walkers. These lattice paths form exactly solvable statistical mechanics models and are obtained from solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation. The eigenvectors of the transfer matrices of these models yield the idempotents of the Verlinde algebra of the gauged u^(n)k -WZNW model. The latter is known to be closely related to the small quantum cohomology ring of the Grassmannian. We establish further that the partition functions of the vicious and osculating walker model are given in terms of Postnikov’s toric Schur functions and can be interpreted as generating functions for Gromov–Witten invariants. We reveal an underlying quantum group structure in terms of Yang–Baxter algebras and use it to give a generating formula for toric Schur functions in terms of divided difference operators which appear in known representations of the nil-Hecke algebra
Auxiliary matrices for the six-vertex model and the algebraic Bethe ansatz
We connect two alternative concepts of solving integrable models, Baxter's
method of auxiliary matrices (or Q-operators) and the algebraic Bethe ansatz.
The main steps of the calculation are performed in a general setting and a
formula for the Bethe eigenvalues of the Q-operator is derived. A proof is
given for states which contain up to three Bethe roots. Further evidence is
provided by relating the findings to the six-vertex fusion hierarchy. For the
XXZ spin-chain we analyze the cases when the deformation parameter of the
underlying quantum group is evaluated both at and away from a root of unity.Comment: 32 page
A Q-operator for the twisted XXX model
Taking the isotropic limit in a recent representation theoretic construction
of Baxter's Q-operators for the XXZ model with quasi-periodic boundary
conditions we obtain new results for the XXX model. We show that quasi-periodic
boundary conditions are needed to ensure convergence of the Q-operator
construction and derive a quantum Wronskian relation which implies two
different sets of Bethe ansatz equations, one above the other below the
"equator" of total spin zero. We discuss the limit to periodic boundary
conditions at the end and explain how this construction might be useful in the
context of correlation functions on the infinite lattice. We also identify a
special subclass of solutions to the quantum Wronskian for chains up to a
length of 10 sites and possibly higher.Comment: 19 page
Noncommutative Schur polynomials and the crystal limit of the U_q sl(2)-vertex model
Starting from the Verma module of U_q sl(2) we consider the evaluation module
for affine U_q sl(2) and discuss its crystal limit (q=0). There exists an
associated integrable statistical mechanics model on a square lattice defined
in terms of vertex configurations. Its transfer matrix is the generating
function for noncommutative complete symmetric polynomials in the generators of
the affine plactic algebra, an extension of the finite plactic algebra first
discussed by Lascoux and Sch\"{u}tzenberger. The corresponding noncommutative
elementary symmetric polynomials were recently shown to be generated by the
transfer matrix of the so-called phase model discussed by Bogoliubov, Izergin
and Kitanine. Here we establish that both generating functions satisfy Baxter's
TQ-equation in the crystal limit by tying them to special U_q sl(2) solutions
of the Yang-Baxter equation. The TQ-equation amounts to the well-known
Jacobi-Trudy formula leading naturally to the definition of noncommutative
Schur polynomials. The latter can be employed to define a ring which has
applications in conformal field theory and enumerative geometry: it is
isomorphic to the fusion ring of the sl(n)_k -WZNW model whose structure
constants are the dimensions of spaces of generalized theta-functions over the
Riemann sphere with three punctures.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures; v2: several typos fixe
Auxiliary matrices for the six-vertex model at roots of 1 and a geometric interpretation of its symmetries
The construction of auxiliary matrices for the six-vertex model at a root of
unity is investigated from a quantum group theoretic point of view. Employing
the concept of intertwiners associated with the quantum loop algebra
at a three parameter family of auxiliary matrices
is constructed. The elements of this family satisfy a functional relation with
the transfer matrix allowing one to solve the eigenvalue problem of the model
and to derive the Bethe ansatz equations. This functional relation is obtained
from the decomposition of a tensor product of evaluation representations and
involves auxiliary matrices with different parameters. Because of this
dependence on additional parameters the auxiliary matrices break in general the
finite symmetries of the six-vertex model, such as spin-reversal or spin
conservation. More importantly, they also lift the extra degeneracies of the
transfer matrix due to the loop symmetry present at rational coupling values.
The extra parameters in the auxiliary matrices are shown to be directly related
to the elements in the enlarged center of the quantum loop algebra
at . This connection provides a geometric
interpretation of the enhanced symmetry of the six-vertex model at rational
coupling. The parameters labelling the auxiliary matrices can be interpreted as
coordinates on a three-dimensional complex hypersurface which remains invariant
under the action of an infinite-dimensional group of analytic transformations,
called the quantum coadjoint action.Comment: 52 pages, TCI LaTex, v2: equation (167) corrected, two references
adde
Atmospheric neutrons
Contributions to fast neutron measurements in the atmosphere are outlined. The results of a calculation to determine the production, distribution and final disappearance of atmospheric neutrons over the entire spectrum are presented. An attempt is made to answer questions that relate to processes such as neutron escape from the atmosphere and C-14 production. In addition, since variations of secondary neutrons can be related to variations in the primary radiation, comment on the modulation of both radiation components is made
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