Survey of Diesease Prediction on Plants with the Helps of IOT

overall climate change is a diversity in the long-term weather patterns that indicates the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and precipitation of a region.With the up-gradation in data mining and its applications, data mining is extensively used to make smarter decisions in farming.Agricultural forecasting is the science that employ knowledge in weather data relating to atmospheric environment observed by instruments on the ground and by remote sensing. Most of the data need to be processed for generating various decisions such as cropping and scheduling of irrigation.Various meteorological data like- temperature, humidity, leaf wetness duration (LWD) plays the vital roles in the growth of microorganism responsible for disease.Effective forecasting of such diseases on the basis of climate data can help the farmers to take timely actions to restrain the diseases. This can also justify the use of pesticides, which are one of the source behind land pollution. This paper illustrate the study which is useful for farmers in order to make decision if there is change occur in environment. In this study we are going to implement application which give the notification to farmers, if there is change in environment so based on that changes which disease should be affected to plant such type of notification will be generated on farmers mobile.Weather based forecasting system can be treated as a part of the Agricultural Decision Support System (ADSS) which is Knowledge Based System (KBS). IoT device that collects data regarding physical parameters, using a sophisticated microcontroller platform, from various types of sensors, through different modes of communication and then uploads the data to the Internet

Probabilistic decline curve analysis in unconventional reservoirs using Bayesian and approximate Bayesian inference

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2019In this work, a probabilistic methodology for Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) in unconventional reservoirs is presented using a combination of Bayesian statistical methods and deterministic models. Accurate reserve estimation and uncertainty quantification are the primary objectives of this study. The Bayesian inferencing techniques described in this work utilizes three sampling mechanisms, namely the Gibbs Sampling (implemented in OpenBUGS), the Metropolis Algorithm, and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) to sample parameter values from their posterior distributions. These different sampling mechanisms are applied in conjunction with DCA models like Arps, Power Law Exponential (PLE), Stretched Exponential Production Decline (SEPD), Duong and Logistic Growth Analysis (LGA) to estimate prediction intervals. Production is forecasted, and uncertainty bounds are established using these prediction intervals. A complete workflow and the summary steps for each of the sampling techniques are provided to permit readers to replicate results. To examine the reliability, the methodology was tested over 74 oil and gas wells located in the three main sub plays of the Permian Basin, namely, the Delaware play, the Central Basin Platform, and the Midland play. Results show that the examined DCA-Bayesian models are successful in providing a high coverage rate, low production prediction errors and narrow uncertainty bounds for the production history data sets. The methodology was also successfully applied to unconventional reservoirs with as low as 6 months of available production history. Depending on the amount of production history available, the combined deterministic-stochastic model that provides the best fit can vary. It is therefore recommended that all possible combinations of the deterministic and stochastic models be applied to the available production history data. This is in order to obtain more confidence in the conclusions related to the reserve estimates and uncertainty bounds. The novelty of this methodology relies in using multiple combinations of DCA-Bayesian models to achieve accurate reserve estimates and narrow uncertainty bounds. The paper can help assess shale plays as most of the shale plays are in the early stages of production when the reserve estimations are carried out

Solvent Free Technologies for Polymer based Crystal Engineering and Drug Delivery

Current research focuses on the effect of different continuous solid state shear based processing for the production of pharmaceutical amorphous system and cocrystals for poorly water soluble APIs. The S3M technology is getting first time reported for its application in pharmaceutical field and it is considered as technology with good potential for development of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The main objectives of this study include the effect of two solid state shear processes on the product properties in case of solid dispersions and cocrystals. Hot melt extrusion technology has been widely explored for the production of pharmaceutical solid dispersions and cocrystals, it would be helpful to compare how the new invented S3M technology will differ from the existing solid state shear process. The S3M has been also explored for the advantages over HME process in terms of residence time, plasticiser free dispersions, effect of process on degradation of drugs during processing. For this purpose, the process and material modifications during operation of these two technologies was important aspects of this study. The pharmaceutical drugs chosen for the solid dispersion purpose were carbamazepine, ibuprofen, glibenclamide which are BCS class II drugs and paracetamol from BCS class III drug was selected as model drug for solid dispersion manufacturing with PVP. VA64, HPMCP HP55, HPMCAS, Ethyl cellulose as polymers. In case of cocrystals selected drugs were carabamazepine, caffeine, paracetamol and ibuprofen with co-formers nicotinamide, saccharin, salicylic acid, glutaric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid. The selections of co-formers were done on the basis of functional group complementarity between drug and co-former. All the details about the pairs for cocrystals and for solid dispersions are given in experimental section. Carbamazepine has been explored in depth for solid dispersions with different polymers and with different co-formers in case of cocrystals. The effect of process variables and amount of shear applied during processing was deciding factor in product output and quality. The end product in case of both the solid dispersions and cocrystals varied in their physicochemical, morphological and drug release properties HME process needed addition of plasticisers during preparation of solid dispersions whereas S3M was plasticiser free process which gave good insight on how this will affect the product performance during evaluation studies. The solid dispersions in case of HME were had smooth surfaces and which are non-porous in nature whereas in case of S3M the solid dispersions were highly porous in nature. The differences in the structural and morphological features of solid dispersions somehow did not affect the drug release of drug during in-vitro dissolution studies and both the solid dispersions did not show much difference in drug release. In case of cocrystals processing on S3M it was observed that the S3M process is dependent on the use of polymer as process aid. For this purpose PEO, PVP VA64 and HPMCP HP55 were selected as model polymer as process aid during processing of cocrystals, out of which PEO has been explored widely as processing aid due to its process suitability, low melting and ability to withstand high shear during processing. PVP VA64 was used only in case of carbamazepine cocrystals with salicylic acid and HPMCP HP55 in case of caffeine cocrystals with maleic acid. The effect of concentration of PEO in case of carbamazepine cocrystals as processing aid was studied (concentration range 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% w/w). The concentration of PEO in case of HME cocrystals had direct effect on the drug release of drug dissolution studies which was reduced in case of higher concentration of PEO (25% w/w), which was not observed in case of S3M processes carbamazepine cocrystals. The product in case of cocrystals by S3M was thread like structures whereas in case of HME cocrystals were in form of screw shaped compact mass. The difference in morphological and structural properties of cocrystals did not had major effect on drug release in case of S3M process but in case of HME processed cocrystals the higher amount of polymer slowed the drug release. The degradation studies in case of drugs carbamazepine, paracetamol were carried out whereas in case of polymer for HPMCP HP55 were carried out. It was found that HME processed samples showed higher degradation as compared to S3M processed one in both the cases solid dispersions and cocrystals. This can be attributed to high residence time in case of HME as compared to S3M process. The effect of two high shear processes HME and S3M had significant effect on the morphological and structural properties of the solid dispersions and cocrystals. The variation in the structural and morphological properties did not have direct effect on the drug release of drug during dissolution studies. HME and S3M both the processes had some positive and some negative aspects within them for processing of pharmaceutical dispersions and cocrystals. In case of HME the use of plasticiser is mandatory to maintain low torque levels during processing and to avoid blockage of extruder barrel, whereas in case of S3M the process is plasticiser independent and processing of solid dispersion is very easy as compared to HME with low residence time. Processing of plain drug or co-former was easy in case of HME whereas in case of S3M processing it was mandatory to use polymer as processing aid specially during processing of cocrystals. In case of process controls HME has excellent control over the process parameters which can be controlled and manipulated as per requirement, whereas S3M technology needs to have technical modifications to have better control over its processing parameters. The S3M can be a revolutionary technology for pharmaceutical industry once it is upgraded with better control and optimised process parameters

<i>meta</i>-Selective olefination of fluoroarenes with alkynes using CO₂ as a traceless directing group.

From Europe PMC via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: ppub 2020-03-01, epub 2020-03-31Publication status: PublishedFunder: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Grant(s): EP/L014017/2Over the last few decades C-H olefination has received significant interest, due to the importance and usefulness of aryl olefins both as synthetic targets and intermediates. While a wide range of ortho-olefination protocols have been developed, only a small number of meta-olefinations are currently available. Importantly, the most common approach to meta-olefination, using a large meta-directing template, is not suitable for substrates such as fluorobenzenes, which cannot be derivatised. We report that the meta-selective olefination of fluoroarenes can be achieved via the use of CO2 as a traceless directing group, which can be easily installed and removed in a one-pot process. Furthermore, this approach avoids the use of stoichiometric Ag(i)-salts, commonly used in C-H olefinations, and affords complete meta- over ortho/para-regioselectivity

IMECE2004-60386 THERMAL CONTROL OF LASER POWDER DEPOSITION-HEAT TRANSFER CONSIDERATIONS

ABSTRACT Laser based solid free-form fabrication is an emerging metallurgical forming process aimed at rapid production of high quality, near net shape products directly from starting powders. Laser powder deposition shares, with other free-form technologies, the common characteristic that part fabrication occurs directly from a 3-D computer aided design (CAD) model. The microstructure evolution and resulting material properties of the component part (strength, ductility, etc.) fabricated using laser deposition are dependent upon process operating parameters such as melt pool size, laser power, head (manipulator) speed, and powder flow rate. Presently, set points for these parameters are often determined through manual manipulation of the system control and trial and error. This paper discusses the development of a path-planning, feed-forward, process-driven control system algorithm that generates a component part thermal history within given constraints, thereby assuring optimal part quality and minimizing final residual stresses. A thermal model of the deposition process drives the control algorithm. The development of the thermal model is the subject of this paper. The model accounts for temperature-dependent properties and phase change processes. Model validation studies are presented including comparisons with known analytic solutions as well as comparisons with data from experiments conducted in the laser laboratory at SDSM&amp;T. INTRODUCTION Laser based solid free-form fabrication is an emerging metallurgical forming process aimed at rapid production of high quality, near net shape products directly from starting powders The SDSMT Advanced Materials Processing (AMP) center has a continuous wave (CW) 3 kW Nd: YAG laser equipped with two metal powder-feed systems and mounted on a Fanuc 16Mi robot. This equipment allows for direct laser deposition, solid freeform fabrication, and graded alloy research and development programs on titanium, nickel, and other refractory metal alloys. Current research includes projects aimed at improving performance of armored vehicles [2] and aerospace vehicles There is significant experimental evidence indicating a relationship between laser powder deposition operatin

Surgery vs. biopsy in the treatment of butterfly glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

: Butterfly glioblastomas (bGBM) are grade IV gliomas that spread to bilateral hemispheres by infiltrating the corpus callosum. Data on the effect of surgery are limited to small case series. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare resection vs. biopsy in terms of survival outcomes and postoperative complications. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through March 2021 in accordance with the PRISMA checklist. Pooled hazard ratios were calculated and meta-analyzed in a random-effects model including assessment of heterogeneity. Out of 3367 articles, seven studies were included with 293 patients. Surgical resection was significantly associated with longer overall survival (HR 0.39, 95%CI 0.2-0.55) than biopsy. Low heterogeneity was observed (I2: 0%). In further analysis, the effect persisted in extent of resection subgroups of both ≥80% and &lt;80%. No statistically significant difference between surgery and biopsy was detected in terms of postoperative complications, although these were numerically larger for surgery. In patients with bGBM, surgical resection was associated with longer survival prospects compared with biopsy

Understanding matrix-assisted continuous co-crystallization using a data mining approach in Quality by Design (QbD)

YesThe present study demonstrates the application of decision tree algorithms to the co-crystallization process. Fifty four (54) batches of carbamazepine-salicylic acid co-crystals embedded in poly(ethylene oxide) were manufactured via hot melt extrusion and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, differnetial scanning calorimetry, and near-infrared spectroscopy. This dataset was then applied in WEKA, which is an open-sourced machine learning software to study the effect of processing temperature, screw speed, screw configuration, and poly(ethylene oxide) concentration on the percentage of co-crystal conversion. The decision trees obtained provided statistically meaningful and easy-to-interpret rules, demonstrating the potential to use the method to make rational decisions during the development of co-crystallization processes.Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK (ZMCS-2018-783) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC EP/J003360/1 and EP/L027011/1

Radioisotope Products and the Medicine of the Future: an IAEA Perspective

The production and application of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals is a major peaceful application of nuclear science and technology and has opened new gateways for nuclear medicine in critical human diseases. Advances in the production of radioisotopes via nuclear reactors, accelerators, fission, etc. has facilitated the access to these products for Member States. 99Mo, 131I, 177Lu are among the most essential radioisotopes for nuclear medicine and human health and their production and availability always has been an important theme for professional societies and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In the meantime, a large list of theranostic radioisotopes including but not limited to 89Zr, 68Ga, 225Ac, Cu-series, Sc-series, Tb-series etc. has provided a powerful toolbox for clinicians and the IAEA is taking steps to ensure their safe and appropriate application in radiopharmacy. The Agency promotes the production and application routes, including research reactors, cyclotrons, linear accelerators, and other cutting-edge methods, according to international and national guidelines and regulations. The IAEA also conducts activities such as Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs), Technical Meetings (TMs), national/regional training courses and conferences, to support and join forces with international professional societies in the development of human resources and research and development activities. Development of databases and freely available publications for all Member States are other useful means to support Member States in radiopharmaceutical sciences

A novel transflectance near infrared spectroscopy technique for monitoring hot melt extrusion

yesA transflectance near infra red (NIR) spectroscopy approach has been used to simultaneously measure drug and plasticiser content of polymer melts with varying opacity during hot melt extrusion. A high temperature reflectance NIR probe was mounted in the extruder die directly opposed to a highly reflective surface. Carbamazepine (CBZ) was used as a model drug, with polyvinyl pyrollidone-vinyl acetate co-polymer (PVP-VA) as a matrix and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a plasticiser. The opacity of the molten extrudate varied from transparent at low CBZ loading to opaque at high CBZ loading. Particulate amorphous API and voids formed around these particles were found to cause the opacity. The extrusion process was monitored in real time using transflectance NIR; calibration and validation runs were performed using a wide range of drug and plasticiser loadings. Once calibrated, the technique was used to simultaneously track drug and plasticiser content during applied step changes in feedstock material. Rheological and thermal characterisations were used to help understand the morphology of extruded material. The study has shown that it is possible to use a single NIR spectroscopy technique to monitor opaque and transparent melts during HME, and to simultaneously monitor two distinct components within a formulation

Hospitalizations and Costs Incurred at the Facility Level After Scale-Up of Malaria Control: Pre-Post Comparisons From Two Hospitals in Zambia

There is little evidence on the impact of malaria control on the health system, particularly at the facility level. Using retrospective, longitudinal facility-level and patient record data from two hospitals in Zambia, we report a pre-post comparison of hospital admissions and outpatient visits for malaria and estimated costs incurred for malaria admissions before and after malaria control scale-up. The results show a substantial reduction in inpatient admissions and outpatient visits for malaria at both hospitals after the scale-up, and malaria cases accounted for a smaller proportion of total hospital visits over time. Hospital spending on malaria admissions also decreased. In one hospital, malaria accounted for 11% of total hospital spending before large-scale malaria control compared with \u3c 1% after malaria control. The findings demonstrate that facility-level resources are freed up as malaria is controlled, potentially making these resources available for other diseases and conditions