Putting migrants and refugees on the Development Agenda

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Globalen Forum über Migration und Entwicklung (GFMD) und dem Dialog über erzwungene Migration und Entwicklung wie er von der Targeting Development Assistance (TDA) Debatte des UNO-Hochkommissariats für Flüchtlinge (UNHCR) geführt wurde. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Phänomen zweier getrennter Dialoge genauer zu untersuchen. Dazu werden die Themen, Konzepte und Theorien über Migration und Entwicklung, die diese Dialoge dominieren, offengelegt und vergleichend gegenübergestellt. Die durchgeführte Untersuchung ist eine fächerübergreifende vergleichende qualitative Fallstudie. Es zeigt sich, dass der Dialog des GFMD von einem wirtschaftlich geprägten Entwicklungsdenken dominiert ist und sich auf zirkuläre internationale Arbeitsmigration konzentriert. Im Zentrum der Debatte liegt die Qualifizierung von MigrantInnen als EntwicklungsagentInnen. Der Dialog über TDA befasst sich mit ZwangsmigrantInnen, wie Flüchtlinge, intern Vertriebene und RückkehrerInnen. Er ist auf deren menschliche Entwicklung im Rahmen eines alternativen Entwicklungsdenkens fokussiert. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass eine Erweiterung der Agenda des laufenden GFMD um die dominierenden Themen, Konzepte und Theorien des Dialogs über erzwungene Migration und Entwicklung wie er in Form der TDA Debatte des UNHCR bis zum Jahr 2005 geführt wurde, eine Bereicherung im Sinne eines umfassenden, kohärenten und verbesserten Dialogs über Migration und Entwicklung darstellt. Dadurch würde (a) der komplexen Realität von Migrationsbewegungen Rechnung getragen werden; (b) die Feststellung, dass auch ZwangsmigrantInnen das Potenzial haben zur Entwicklung beizutragen, Berücksichtigung finden; und (c) Ansätze der menschlichen und alternativen Entwicklung und damit die eigene Entwicklung der MigrantInnen und ihre Vorstellungen von Entwicklung dem dominierenden wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsdenken gleichgestellt werden.This thesis focuses on the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) and the dialogue on forced migration and development of the UNHCR-led discussion on Targeting Development Assistance (TDA). The aim of the thesis is to examine this phenomenon of two separate dialogues through the revealing and comparison of the issues, concepts and theories on migration and development which dominate these dialogues. The research carried out is a cross-disciplinary qualitative comparable cases study. The research has shown that the GFMD is dominated by economic development thinking and focuses on circularl international labour migration. At the core of the debate lays the qualification of migrants as agents for development. The debate on TDA addresses forced migrants; these are refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and returnees. The debate is dominated by alternative development thinking orientated towards the migrants' own human development. The thesis concludes that a broadening of the agenda of the ongoing GFMD in order to include the issues, concepts and theories dominating the dialogue on forced migration and development as carried out by the UNHCR-led discussion on TDA which ended in 2005, would be of added value in the sense of a comprehensive, coherent and improved dialogue on migration and development. This would (a) adequately address the complex reality of migration movements; (b) give consideration to the acknowledgement that also forced migrants have the potential to contribute to development; and (c) lead to the equal recognition of human and alternative development approaches with the dominant economic development thinking and thereby foster the the migrants' own development and their development visions

Collaboration in Performing Arts

__Abstract__ As a result of declining government support, performing arts organisations (PAOs) face increased challenges and difficulties in the sector. They attempt to develop new ways of generating income and seek new models of organising the production and presentation of performing arts. Hereby, we can think of collaboration and integration as horizontal and vertical within the production chain of performing arts. There are various reasons for cultural organisations to decide upon collaboration, such as increasing organisational capacity, engaging new audience and building organisational networks (Ostrower, 2005). Other reasons for deciding upon collaboration are economies of scale and stronger profiling of the performing arts organisation. Collaboration intensifies knowledge, thus the performing arts market becomes more dynamic and there is more room for experimentation. The issue or threat, however, is that not all collaboration processes are successful. According to Kottler and Scheff (1996), the organisation needs to meet several conditions in order to build an efficient collaboration: one has to set a goal-building consensus, build trust, communicate, design leadership and involvement structures, and commit adequate resources. These are the fundamental conditions but during the process of collaboration there are other issues that need to be considered. A frequent threat is that parties often have different motives to collaborate. For example, for commercial organisations the motive could be generating more profit whereas for non-profit art organisations, especially in these times, collaboration means survival. A related issue is whether collaboration aimed at surviving is a good motive for collaboration formation. Moreover, fear may exist of losing an organisation’s identity or artistic autonomy, employees may become anxious, the coordination costs might increase and parties may need additional resources and time to establish such a project. Backer (2003) summarises this dilemma in the following question: ‘How can parties control the collaboration in an efficient way while at the same time meeting their main objectives and guarding their own artistic identity?

Patients' and healthcare workers' perceptions of a patient safety advisory

Objective To assess patients' and healthcare workers' (hcw) attitudes and experiences with a patient safety advisory, to investigate predictors for patients' safety-related behaviors and determinants for staff support for the advisory. Design Cross-sectional surveys of patients (n= 1053) and hcw (n= 275). Setting Three Swiss hospitals. Participants Patients who received the safety advisory and hcw caring for these patients. Intervention Patient safety advisory disseminated to patients at the study hospitals. Main Outcome Measures Attitudes towards and experiences with the advisory. Hcw support for the intervention and patients' intentions to apply the recommendations were modelled using regression analyses. Results Patients (95%) and hcw (78%) agreed that hospitals should educate patients how to prevent errors. Hcw and patients' evaluations of the safety advisory were positive and followed a similar pattern. Patients' intentions to engage in safety were significantly predicted by behavioral control, subjective norms, attitudes, safety behaviors during hospitalization and experiences with taking action. Hcw support for the campaign was predicted by rating of the advisory (Odds ratio (OR) 3.4, confidence interval (CI) 1.8-6.1, P< 0.001), the belief that it prevents errors (OR 1.7, CI 1.2-2.5, P= 0.007), perceived increased vigilance of patients (OR 1.9, CI 1.1-3.3, P= 0.034) and experience of unpleasant situations (OR 0.6, CI 0.4-1.0, P= 0.035). Conclusions The safety advisory was well accepted by patients and hcw. To be successful, the advisory should be accompanied by measures that target norms and barriers in patients, and support staff in dealing with difficult situation

Preserving Care Delivery in Hard-to-Serve Regions: A Case Study of a Population Health System in the Swiss Lower Engadin

Introduction: Many countries report difficulties in preserving access to care in rural areas. This paper examines how hard-to-serve regions sustain care provision by transforming service delivery into population health systems. Theory and methods: The paper builds on theory on care delivery in hard-to-serve regions. It presents a qualitative case study from the Lower Engadin, a rural high mountain valley in the Swiss Alps. Data sources include semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and documents. Data are analysed using recent conceptual research on population health systems. Results: The case study illustrates how politicians and providers in the Lower Engadin resolved a care crisis and preserved access to care by forming a population health system. The system is organised around the Healthcare Centre Lower Engadin. Citizen-centred interventions target an aging population and include health promotion and prevention programs as well as case management based on an ambulatory-before-inpatient care strategy. Conclusion: Hard-to-serve regions like the Lower Engadin preserve access to care by reorganising service delivery towards population health systems. The paper contributes to research on population health systems and care provision in rural areas

Mapping potential implications of temporary COVID‐19 export bans for the food supply in importing countries using precrisis trade flows

Despite pleas from international organizations, governments and trade economists to refrain from imposing trade‐distorting measures, over 20 countries have implemented bans on the export of agri‐food products since the onset of the COVID‐19 crisis. These export prohibitions might adversely impact food security and disrupt well‐established global supply chains. We identify importing countries that could potentially be affected by the imposed export bans using a measure of their import dependency during the pre‐pandemic period to illustrate our results on global trade maps. We find that many importers rely on just one country for a significant share of the overall domestic supply of a particular commodity

Avalanche survival depends on the time of day of the accident: A retrospective observational study.

INTRODUCTION We aimed to investigate the relationship between the time of the day and the probability of survival of completely buried avalanche victims. We explored the frequency of avalanche burials occurring after sunset, and described victims' characteristics, duration of burial and rescue circumstances compared to daytime avalanches. METHODS In this retrospective, observational study, we analysed avalanche data from the registry of the Swiss Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, from 1998 to 2020. RESULTS A total of 3,892 avalanche victims were included in the analysis, with 72 of the accidents (1.85%) occurring in the nighttime. Nearly 50% of the victims involved in nighttime avalanche accidents were completely buried, compared to about 25% of victims in daytime avalanches. Completely buried victims were rescued by a companion less often at night than in the daytime (15% vs. 51%, p<.001). The search and rescue of completely buried avalanche victims took longer during the nighttime compared to the daytime (median 89 min vs 20 min, p=.002). The probability of survival decreased as the day progressed; it was highest at around midday (63.0%), but decreased at sunset (40.4%) and was the lowest at midnight (28.7%). CONCLUSIONS Avalanche accidents at night are a rare event, and probability of survival after complete burial is lower during the nighttime compared to the daytime. The most relevant reason for this is the longer duration of burial, which is explained in part by the lower rate of companion rescue and the lower rate of victim localisation with an avalanche transceiver

Stability of Drugs Stored in Helicopters for Use by Emergency Medical Services: A Prospective Observational Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE Drugs stored in rescue helicopters may be subject to extreme environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to measure whether drugs stored under the real-life conditions of a Swiss helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) would retain their potency over the course of 1 year. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal study measuring the temperature exposure and concentration of drugs stored on 2 rescue helicopters in Switzerland over 1 year. The study drugs included epinephrine, norepinephrine, amiodarone, midazolam, fentanyl, naloxone, rocuronium, etomidate, and ketamine. Temperatures were measured inside the medication storage bags and the crew cabins at 10-minute intervals. Drug stability was measured on a monthly basis over the course of 12 months using high-performance liquid chromatography. The medications were considered stable at a minimum remaining drug concentration of 90% of the label claim. RESULTS Temperatures ranged from -1.2 °C to 38.1 °C (29.84 °F to 100.58 °F) inside the drug storage bags. Of all the temperature measurements inside the drug storage bags, 37% lay outside the recommended storage conditions. All drugs maintained a concentration above 90% of the label claim. The observation periods for rocuronium and etomidate were shortened to 7 months because of a supply shortage of reference samples. CONCLUSION Drugs stored under the real-life conditions of Swiss HEMS are subjected to temperatures outside the manufacturer's approved storage requirements. Despite this, all drugs stored under these conditions remained stable throughout our study. Real-life stability testing could be a way to extend drug exchange intervals