Bone health in young women: the effect of tobacco smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and physical activity on bone mineral density

Health behaviours are a key component of bone health. In 657 young women examined the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) in the distal and proximal part of the forearm, and physical activity (PA), smoking (AS), environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and body mass index (BMI). The densitometry method, Global Adult Tobacco Survey Questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire were used. Weekly physical activity was calculated by adding up the Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET). Smoking women had significantly lower bone parameters. The predictor of interactions of three variables: PA, BMI (positive direction), and years of ETS exposure (negative direction) was significant for distal BMD and BMC. The predictor of interactions of PA, BMI (positive direction), and AS in numbers of cigarettes per day and years of ETS exposure (negative direction) was significant for BMD prox. MET min/week (positive direction), years of AS, and ETS exposure (negative direction) were significant predictors for T-score dis. The predictor of interactions of five variables: PA (MET), BMI, age of starting smoking (positive direction), AS in numbers of cigarettes per day, and years of ETS exposure (negative direction) was significant for T-score prox. Cigarette smoking and ETS are modifiable determinants of low bone mineral density in young Polish women. Despite the women’s good socio-economic status, a high, alarming incidence of low BMD was reported. The current study may be important in understanding the relationship between BMD, BMC, and smoking in young women as risk determinants of osteoporosis in future

Sarcopenia: prevalence and its main risk factors in older women

Introduction: Sarcopenia is a major public health concern. It is defined as a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that is associated with an increased likelihood of falls, fractures, physical disability, and ultimately, premature death.  Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and determine the role of physical activity, nutrient intake, and selected risk factors for the development of sarcopenia in older women.  Methods: The study involved 302 women aged ≥65 years (mean age: 72.1± 5.9 years). Bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition, static muscle strength measurements, Timed Up and Go test, and the assessment of current physical activity using accelerometers were performed. Diets were assessed using the 24-h recall method from two non-consecutive days. The energy and nutrient content of diets was calculated using the computer program DIETA 6.  Results: Sarcopenia was present in 28.8% of the women studied. The most important factor in the decrease in the risk of sarcopenia was protein intake ≥ 0.9 g/kg b.m. (OR=0.08;p<0.001), and physical activity ≥ 4000 steps/day. However, these results were not statistically significant (OR=0.58; p=0.08). Furthermore, the risk of developing sarcopenia increased as BMI (OR=1.36; p<0.001) or percent of body fat (OR=1.29; p<0.001) increased

Dairy product consumption, eating habits, sedentary behaviour and physical activity association with bone mineral density among adolescent boys: a cross-sectional observational study

Background: During childhood and adolescence, skeletal microarchitecture and bone mineral density (BMD) undergo significant changes. Peak bone mass is built and its level significantly affects the condition of bones in later years of life. Understanding the modifiable factors that improve bone parameters at an early age is necessary to early prevent osteoporosis. To identify these modifiable factors we analysed the relationship between dairy product consumption, eating habits, sedentary behaviour, and level of physical activity with BMD in 115 young boys (14–17 years). Methods: Bone parameters were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry using paediatric specific software to compile the data. Dairy product consumption and eating habits were assessed by means of a dietary interview. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity was assessed in a face-to-face interview conducted using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data collection on total physical activity level was performed by collecting information on the number of days and the duration of vigorous and moderate intensity (MVPA) and average daily time spent in sitting (SIT time). Results: The strongest relationships with BMD in distal part of forearm were found for moderate plus vigorous activity, sit time, and intake of dairy products, intake of calcium, protein, vitamin D, phosphorus from diet. Relationships between BMD, bone mineral content (BMC) in the distal and proximal part of the forearm and PA, sit time and eating parameters were evaluated using the multiple forward stepwise regression. The presented model explained 48–67% (adjusted R2 = 0.48–0.67; p < 0.001) of the variance in bone parameters. The predictor of interactions of three variables: protein intake (g/person/day), vitamin D intake (µg/day) and phosphorus intake (mg/day) was significant for BMD dis (adjusted R2 = 0.59; p < 0.001). The predictor of interactions of two variables: SIT time (h/day) and dairy products (n/day) was significant for BMD prox (adjusted R2 = 0.48; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the predictor of interactions dairy products (n/day), protein intake (g/person/day) and phosphorus intake (mg/day) was significant for BMC prox and dis (adjusted R2 = 0.63–0.67; p < 0.001). Conclusions: High physical activity and optimal eating habits especially adequate intake of important dietary components for bone health such as calcium, protein, vitamin D and phosphorus affect the mineralization of forearm bones

Assessment of intake of calcium and vitamin D and sun exposure in the context of osteoporosis risk in a study conducted on perimenopausal women

Introduction: The results of many epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease and develops mainly in women during menopause. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diet with particular emphasis on calcium and vitamin D intake and sun exposure in premenopausal women in terms of risk of osteoporosis. Material and methods : The study involved 300 women aged 45-55 years from Warsaw. The method used was a questionnaire assessing the frequency of consumption from the last three months. Exposure to the sun evaluated using a questionnaire prepared in cooperation with the Institute of Food and Nutrition in Warsaw. For the purpose of the project, profiles of attitudes towards prevention of osteoporosis were developed. Results : Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D among the majority of women surveyed was confirmed. The highest percentage of women represented profile VIII: attitudes towards prevention of osteoporosis, characterized by insufficient exposure to sunlight and a diet deficient in both calcium and vitamin D. Conclusions: In the diets of women surveyed significant deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D were found, which confirms previous reports on the lack of nutritional support for normal women’s bone mineralization. Among the surveyed women the majority reported insufficient exposure to sunlight as a source of vitamin D additional to food. There is a need for health education of these women in the prevention of osteoporosis and especially paying attention to the proper intake of calcium and more vitamin D in their diet. At the same time, adequate exposure to the sun is vital as it is the main source of vitamin D for the body coming not from the food consumed

Determinants of bone health in adults Polish women: The influence of physical activity, nutrition, sun exposure and biological factors.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the determinants of bone health in the group of women over 40 years old. Lifestyle factors such as past and present physical activity, past and present sun exposure, current dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, nutritional status as measured by BMI, family history of osteoporosis and current hormonal status were analysed.MethodsThe study involved 500 women over 40 years old. All examined women was the same ethnicity- European origin. Methods used: densitometry method (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, nutrition questionnaire, past and present sun exposure questionnaire. Past and present physical activity, past and present sun exposure and sufficient level of calcium in the diet proved to be the most important factors determining mineralization of bone tissue of women. In order to indicate an independent association of the correct bone tissue mineralization with individual factors, multivariate analysis was used-logistic regression.ResultsThe norm BMD in the distal part of the forearm was strongly influenced: recommended dietary calcium intake (OR = 5.95; p = 0.003), moderately (OR = 1.88; p = 0.053) and high (OR = 14.0; pConclusionInterventions to increase physical activity, especially outdoors, may help reduce risk of osteoporosis, fractures and subsequent healthcare costs

Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Boys: Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Physical inactivity of children can be a precursor of reduced bone mineral density, considered to be a typical problem only in old age. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density in 96 Polish boys aged 14&ndash;17 years with varied physical activity (swimmers, track and field athletes, non-athletes) and the effect of bone composition, birth weight and breastfeeding during infancy on bone parameters. Anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed according to the kinanthropometric standards. Bone parameters of the forearm were measured by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data on the infant&rsquo;s birth weight and the length of breastfeeding were collected during direct interviews with mothers. The strongest links with bone parameters were found for the type of physical activity and birth weight. Regardless of birth weight, track and field athletes had the most advantageous bone parameters (mainly sT-score prox values). Swimmers with normal or low birth weight had less favourable sT-score prox values than non-athletes. The type of physical activity proved to be an important determinant of bone parameters. Childhood and adolescence are important periods of bone development and increasing the content of bone mineral components, and the bone status in later years of life depends to a large extent on this period. The perinatal period, especially the correct birth weight of the child, not only has a significant effect on general health, but also on bone status

The effects of selected lifestyle components on the risk of developing dynapenia in women – a pilot study

Aging processes in a body inevitably lead to changes which may decrease the quality of life of the elderly. Dynapenia is a phenomenon which is still not well known and needs to be studied in the population. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of lifestyle on the risk of developing dynapenia in post-menopausal women. The study included 46 females aged 71.4 ±5.6 living in the town of Wysokie Mazowieckie. Basic body dimensions and body composition elements were assessed with the use of anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). A direct interview method with the use of the modified Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) was applied. In order to assess the prevalence of dynapenia, handgrip strength was measured with the use of hydraulic dynamometer. Physical activity was assessed with the use of a pedometer. The respondents’ nutrition was examined in an interview concerning their diet from the 24 hours preceding the examination according to the methodology of Food and Nutrition Institute (FNI). The intake of energy and nutritional elements in a diet was calculated with using DIETA 5.0 computer software. Dynapenia was diagnosed in 21.7% of the examined women. The women with dynapenia had significantly bigger waist and hip circumferences and higher BMI (p<0.05) as well as significantly weaker hand muscles than healthy women (p<0.001). Females with dynapenia spent significantly more time in a sedentary position, i.e. talking on the phone, participating in religious rituals or watching TV (p<0.05) compared to women without dynapenia. No significant differences concerning the diet of women with and without dynapenia were revealed. Physical activity may significantly decrease the risk of dynapenia among women over 60 years of age. Furher research is needed to assess the risk of dynapenia and methods of its prevention

Prevalence of low bone density and deficiencies of vitamin D and calcium among young women

WSTĘP. Celem badań było określenie częstości występowaniazaniżonej gęstości mineralnej tkanki kostnej kości przedramieniai niedoborów w spożyciu wapnia i witaminy D wśród młodych kobiet.MATERIAŁ I METODY. Badaniami objęto 126 kobiet w wieku 23,8± 3,8 roku (średnia ± odchylenie standardowe [SD]), u którychw okresie od 15 listopada 2012 roku do 15 stycznia 2013 rokuprzeprowadzono badanie na podstawie kwestionariusza ankiety24-godzinnego wywiadu żywieniowego z analizą danych za pomocąprogramu komputerowego Dieta 5.0. Jednocześnie, z użyciem aparatufirmy NORLAND, metodą absorpcjometrii rentgenowskiej dwuenergetycznej(DXA) wykonano badanie densytometryczne w celuoceny gęstości mineralnej kości (BMD i zawartość minerałów w kości[BMC]) przedramienia (w dwóch punktach pomiaru: proksymalnymi ultradystalnym). Wykonano również analizę antropometryczną, byocenić podstawowe wymiary ciała i wskaźniki, tj.: wysokość ciała,masę ciała, długość przedramienia kończyny niedominującej.WYNIKI. Analizując wyniki pomiarów BMD — zarówno w punkciedystalnym, jak i proksymalnym — odnotowano przypadki zaniżonejmineralizacji tkanki kostnej. Stwierdzono największą BMD przedramieniaw punkcie dystalnym u kobiet otyłych, natomiast u kobietz nadwagą — w punkcie proksymalnym. Najniższą gęstość kościw obu punktach pomiaru stwierdzono u kobiet z niedoborem masyciała. Oszacowana w całodziennej racji pokarmowej (CRP) kobietzawartość witaminy D (1,7 μg) pokrywała poziom AI w 35,3%.W przypadku wapnia (570,1 mg) wykazano 55,4% realizacji wystarczającegospożycia AI.WNIOSKI. W zbadanej grupie młodych kobiet stwierdzono zaniżonągęstość tkanki kostnej. W ich diecie wykazano niedobór istotnychdla zmineralizowania tkanki kostnej składników, takich jak witaminaD i wapń. Poddane badaniu kobiety powinny zostać objęteprogramem edukacji żywieniowej w zakresie dbałości o szczytowąmasę kostną oraz programem z zakresu profilaktyki osteoporozy.INTRODUCTION. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalenceof decreased bone density of forearm bone as well as deficiencyin the calcium and vitamin D intake among young women.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 126 women inthe age of 23.8 ± 3.8 years (average ± standard deviation [SD]).The study has been performed in the period between 15 November2012 and 15 January 2013 based on the questionnaire of 24--hour dietary recall with data analysis using a computer softwareDieta 5.0. Additionally, a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)method test has been performed in order to evaluate bone density of forearm bone (BMD and bone mineral content [BMC]) in twomeasurement points: proximal and ultradistal. Anthropometricanalysis has been also performed for the purposes of assessmentof basic body dimensions and indicators: body height, weight, armlength of nondominant limb.RESULTS. Analyzing the results of measurements of BMD, in boththe distal and the proximal point (in relation to peak bone massT-score), cases of decreased bone mineralization of bone tissuehave been observed. The highest bone mineral density has beenobserved among obese women in the distal point and amongoverweight women in the proximal point. The lowest bone densityin both points has been found in women with body mass deficiency.The level of vitamin D (1.7 μg) estimated in the daily food ration(CRP) covered the level of adequate intake (AI) in 35.3%. As far ascalcium is concerned (570.1 mg), it has been found that its dailyintake supplied 55.4% ofAI.CONCLUSION. Decreased bone density among the examinedgroup of young women has been observed. Deficiency of elementsessential for bone mineralization, such as vitamin D and calcium,has been found. Examined women should be included in a programof nutrition education regarding the care of peak bone mass anda program of osteoporosis prevention

Assessment of total fatness and fatty tissue distribution in young active and physically inactive women

Study aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the total fat and fat distribution in young active and physically inactive women. Material and methods: The study group consisted of a total of 300 students from Warsaw aged 20 to 25 years. The weekly physical activity level expressed in metabolic equivalent task was assessed using the International Physical Activity Question­naire. The distribution of adipose tissue was assessed on the basis of anthropometric measurements by somatometry. The waist and hip circumference, body mass and height were measured. Body mass index and waist to hip ratio were calculated. General fat was evaluated by bioelectric impedance. Results: Physically active students had significantly lower (p < 0.001) body mass, waist and hip circumference, lower body fat content and lower BMI and WHR compared to inactive students. Weight loss and the gynoidal type of adipose tissue distribu­tion were more frequent among physically active subjects. In inactive women the androidal-abdominal type of distribution dominated. A healthy somatic profile characterized by BMI in the normal range, gynoid type of adipose tissue distribution and normal or slightly lower body fat was significantly more frequent in physically active subjects (36% vs. 15%). Conclusions: Lack of physical activity was associated with larger waist and hip circumference, higher BMI and unfavorable adipose tissue distribution (androidal), which increases the risk of metabolic diseases in women. The study indicates the need for education and implementation of disease prevention programs regarding abdominal fat distribution and overweight among young women

Assessment of nutritional status disorders, general fatness and fat distribution in women and men aged 20-30

Wprowadzenie i cel pracy. W ostatnich latach wzrasta zainteresowanie tematyką zaburzeń stanu odżywienia organizmu. Celem głównym pracy była ocena częstości występowania dwóch skrajnych stanów odżywienia organizmu: niedożywienia białkowo-energetycznego (niedoborowej masy ciała) oraz stanu przeżywienia – nadmiaru (nadwaga i otyłość) u młodych kobiet i mężczyzn. W celach szczegółowych uwzględniono ocenę składu tkankowego ciała oraz dystrybucji tkanki tłuszczowej. Materiał i metody. Badaniami objęto łącznie 528 osób (373 kobiety i 155 mężczyzn) w wieku od 20. do 30. roku życia (22,2 ± 3,0 lat). Wykonano podstawowe pomiary antropometryczne: masy ciała (kg), wysokości ciała (cm), obwodów talii i bioder (cm). Na podstawie bezpośrednich pomiarów obliczono: wskaźnik masy ciała BMI (Body Mass Index), wskaźnik dystrybucji tkanki tłuszczowej WHR (Waist to Hip Ratio) oraz WC (Waist), wskaźnik BAI, obliczono procentową zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej w ciele oraz zastosowano metodę bioelektrycznej impedancji. Wyniki. W zbadanej grupie zaobserwowano na podstawie wskaźnika BMI (łącznie u 28,4% zbadanych) występowanie skrajnych stanów odżywienia charakterystycznych dla wychudzenia organizmu, związanego z niedożywieniem białkowo-energetycznym, oraz stany świadczące o przeżywieniu, czyli otyłości, w tym również otyłości II i III stopnia. W toku analiz stwierdzono przeważający (83,3%) odsetek osób o prawidłowej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej. Odnotowano jednak wśród zbadanych kobiet i mężczyzn przypadki zbyt niskiej zawartości tłuszczu w ciele, jak również zawartości zbyt wysokiej, przekraczającej normę. Otyłość brzuszna (wisceralna) występowała u 40,7% do 48,7% zbadanych osób ogółem, w zależności od zastosowanego wskaźnika. Wśród kobiet za dominujący typ dystrybucji tkanki tłuszczowej (u 66,2%) uznano otłuszczenie pośladkowo-udowe (gynoidalne). Wśród mężczyzn dominował typ androidalny rozmieszczenia tkanki tłuszczowej w ciele. Natomiast na podstawie wyłącznie obwodu talii stwierdzono częstsze o 8,4% występowanie typu brzusznego wśród kobiet w porównaniu do zbadanych mężczyzn. Wnioski. Zaburzenia stanu odżywienia w postaci niedożywienia oraz przeżywienia organizmu występują zarówno wśród kobiet, jak i mężczyzn. Warto rozważyć działania profilaktyczne w kierunku zapobiegania czynnikom warunkującym ten niekorzystny dla zdrowia stan organizmu.Introduction and objective. In recent years, an increase has been observed in the scope of problems concerning nutritional status disorders. The primary goal of the study was the assessment of the frequency of occurrence of two extreme nutritional states: protein-energy malnutrition (deficiency of body mass) and over-eating excess state (overweight and obesity) in young men and women. For specific purposes, assessment of the body tissue composition and fat distribution was undertaken. Material and methods. The studies included a total of 528 people (373 women and 155 men), aged from 20–30 (22.2 ± 3.0) Basic anthropometric measurements were performed: body weight (kg), body height (cm), waist and hips circumferences (cm). Based on direct measurements, body mass index BMI, waist to hip ratio WHE and Waist Ratio WC, BAI index, the percentage content of the fatty tissue in the body was calculated, and the bioelectric impedance method was used. Results. In the examined group (in 28.4%), based on the BMI, the occurrence was observed of extreme nutritional states characteristic for body emaciation connected with protein-energy malnutrition and states evidencing over-nutrition, i.e. obesity, including obesity degree II and III. In the course of analyses, the highest percentage of individual with a normal content of fatty tissue was found (83.3%). However, among the studied men and women, cases were noted of a too low content of fatty tissue in the body, as well as too high – exceeding the standard. Abdominal obesity (visceral) occurred in 40.7 – 48.7% of the total population examined, according to the indicator applied. According to gender, the dominant type of fatty tissue distribution among women (in 66.2%) was gynoidal fatness. Among men dominated the androidal type of fatty tissue distribution. Considering exclusively waist circumference, the more frequent occurrence of the abdominal type by 8.4% was found among women compared men. Conclusions. Disorders of the nutritional state in the form of malnutrition and over-nutrition of the body occur both among men and women. Preventive measures are worth considering towards the prevention of factors conditioning this adverse state of the body