Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans (PLoS Negl Trop Dis)

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Moyes et al.After the publication of this article [1] the authors noticed citation errors in Table 2. The citations for item 5 listed under pyrethroids and items 2, 3, and 4 listed under temephos refer to the wrong references and these citations have been corrected in the updated Table 2 below. The citations for items 1, 3 and 4 listed under pyrethroids and item 1 listed under temephos are also incorrect and should cite references that have been omitted from the reference list. These citations have been corrected in the updated Table 2 below and the following corre-sponding references 79–82 should be added to the reference list: 79. Bariami V, Jones CM, Poupardin R, Vontas J, Ranson H. Gene amplification, ABC trans-porters and cytochrome P450s: unraveling the molecular basis of pyrethroid resistance in the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6: e1692. pmid:22720108 80. Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Suarez AF, Salas IF, Strode C, Ranson H, Hemingway J, et al. Transcription of detoxification genes after permethrin selection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Insect Mol Biol. 2012;21: 61–77. pmid:22032702 81. David J-P, Faucon F, Chandor-Proust A, Poupardin R, Riaz MA, Bonin A, et al. Comparative analysis of response to selection with three insecticides in the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti using mRNA sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2014;15: 174. pmid:24593293 82. Strode C, de Melo-Santos M, Magalhaes T, Araujo A, Ayres C. Expression profile of genes during resistance reversal in a temephos selected strain of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. PloS One. 2012;7: e39439. pmid: 22870187.publishersversionpublishe

A new WHO bottle bioassay method to assess the susceptibility of mosquito vectors to public health insecticides: results from a WHO-coordinated multi-centre study.

BACKGROUND: The continued spread of insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors of malaria and arboviral diseases may lead to operational failure of insecticide-based interventions if resistance is not monitored and managed efficiently. This study aimed to develop and validate a new WHO glass bottle bioassay method as an alternative to the WHO standard insecticide tube test to monitor mosquito susceptibility to new public health insecticides with particular modes of action, physical properties or both. METHODS: A multi-centre study involving 21 laboratories worldwide generated data on the susceptibility of seven mosquito species (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto [An. gambiae s.s.], Anopheles funestus, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles albimanus) to seven public health insecticides in five classes, including pyrethroids (metofluthrin, prallethrin and transfluthrin), neonicotinoids (clothianidin), pyrroles (chlorfenapyr), juvenile hormone mimics (pyriproxyfen) and butenolides (flupyradifurone), in glass bottle assays. The data were analysed using a Bayesian binomial model to determine the concentration-response curves for each insecticide-species combination and to assess the within-bioassay variability in the susceptibility endpoints, namely the concentration that kills 50% and 99% of the test population (LC50 and LC99, respectively) and the concentration that inhibits oviposition of the test population by 50% and 99% (OI50 and OI99), to measure mortality and the sterilizing effect, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, about 200,000 mosquitoes were tested with the new bottle bioassay, and LC50/LC99 or OI50/OI99 values were determined for all insecticides. Variation was seen between laboratories in estimates for some mosquito species-insecticide combinations, while other test results were consistent. The variation was generally greater with transfluthrin and flupyradifurone than with the other compounds tested, especially against Anopheles species. Overall, the mean within-bioassay variability in mortality and oviposition inhibition were < 10% for most mosquito species-insecticide combinations. CONCLUSION: Our findings, based on the largest susceptibility dataset ever produced on mosquitoes, showed that the new WHO bottle bioassay is adequate for evaluating mosquito susceptibility to new and promising public health insecticides currently deployed for vector control. The datasets presented in this study have been used recently by the WHO to establish 17 new insecticide discriminating concentrations (DCs) for either Aedes spp. or Anopheles spp. The bottle bioassay and DCs can now be widely used to monitor baseline insecticide susceptibility of wild populations of vectors of malaria and Aedes-borne diseases worldwide

Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-10-10T15:29:11Z No. of bitstreams: 4 S1 - Additional details on the bioassay data processing and mapping (1).docx: 444264 bytes, checksum: 34722ef76ce607db629d3d0fbf318f5b (MD5) S2 - Dataset of bioassay records.xlsx: 1492619 bytes, checksum: 700d0ad8cc78c24afc090388a6d3321a (MD5) S3 - Supplementary maps showing insecticide resistance.docx: 1103718 bytes, checksum: dfa1dac98b37de280a6b58072d2e314a (MD5) S4 - Supplementary information on markers for the mechanisms of resistance.docx: 68264 bytes, checksum: 352ebdcb207dc9b9a84ac1032d4db1a5 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-10-17T10:01:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 S1 - Additional details on the bioassay data processing and mapping (1).docx: 444264 bytes, checksum: 34722ef76ce607db629d3d0fbf318f5b (MD5) S2 - Dataset of bioassay records.xlsx: 1492619 bytes, checksum: 700d0ad8cc78c24afc090388a6d3321a (MD5) S3 - Supplementary maps showing insecticide resistance.docx: 1103718 bytes, checksum: dfa1dac98b37de280a6b58072d2e314a (MD5) S4 - Supplementary information on markers for the mechanisms of resistance.docx: 68264 bytes, checksum: 352ebdcb207dc9b9a84ac1032d4db1a5 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T10:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 S1 - Additional details on the bioassay data processing and mapping (1).docx: 444264 bytes, checksum: 34722ef76ce607db629d3d0fbf318f5b (MD5) S2 - Dataset of bioassay records.xlsx: 1492619 bytes, checksum: 700d0ad8cc78c24afc090388a6d3321a (MD5) S3 - Supplementary maps showing insecticide resistance.docx: 1103718 bytes, checksum: dfa1dac98b37de280a6b58072d2e314a (MD5) S4 - Supplementary information on markers for the mechanisms of resistance.docx: 68264 bytes, checksum: 352ebdcb207dc9b9a84ac1032d4db1a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Oxford Big Data Institute. Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery. University of Oxford. Oxford, United Kingdom.Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas., Heraklion, Greece / Agricultural University of Athens. Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab. Athens, Greece.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Environmental Health Institute. National Environment Agency. Helios Block, Singapore.Environmental Health Institute. National Environment Agency. Helios Block, Singapore.Unité d'Entomologie Mediicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane. Cayenne, French Guiana.Insecticides and Insecticide Resistance Lab. National Institute of Malaria Research. Delhi, India.Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Global Health and Tropical Medicine. Lisboa, Portugal.Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Genétique, Evolution et Controle. Montpellier, France.University Grenoble-Alpes. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine. Grenoble, France.Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Department of Vector Biology. Liverpool, Unitd Kingdom.Both Aedes aegytpi and Ae. albopictus are major vectors of 5 important arboviruses (namely chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus), making these mosquitoes an important factor in the worldwide burden of infectious disease. Vector control using insecticides coupled with larval source reduction is critical to control the transmission of these viruses to humans but is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Here, we review the available evidence for the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in these 2 major vectors worldwide and map the data collated for the 4 main classes of neurotoxic insecticide (carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Emerging resistance to all 4 of these insecticide classes has been detected in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Target-site mutations and increased insecticide detoxification have both been linked to resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus but more work is required to further elucidate metabolic mechanisms and develop robust diagnostic assays. Geographical distributions are provided for the mechanisms that have been shown to be important to date. Estimating insecticide resistance in unsampled locations is hampered by a lack of standardisation in the diagnostic tools used and by a lack of data in a number of regions for both resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The need for increased sampling using standard methods is critical to tackle the issue of emerging insecticide resistance threatening human health. Specifically, diagnostic doses and well-characterised susceptible strains are needed for the full range of insecticides used to control Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to standardise measurement of the resistant phenotype, and calibrated diagnostic assays are needed for the major mechanisms of resistance

The level of <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> resistance to temephos, 2006–2015.

<p>The ratio of the lethal concentration required to kill half of the sample (LC₅₀ value) obtained by each study to the value obtained for the Rockefeller susceptible strain across studies was calculated. The ratios were then split into 5 classes: values less than 2-fold higher than Rockefeller and each quartile of the remaining distribution. The map is zoomed to the 3 regions with data. <b>(A)</b> Americas. <b>(B)</b> Africa. <b>(C)</b> Asia.</p

Frequency of insecticide resistance in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> in all years.

<p>The locations of <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> populations used in susceptibility (circles) and dose-response (triangles) bioassays for each of the 4 main classes of neurotoxic insecticide. Both adult and larval bioassays are included. Mortality values for 2006–2015 are denoted by larger circles and the years up to 2005 are denoted by smaller circles.</p

The main genes identified by transcriptomic studies specifically targeting expression responses to insecticide selection or exposure.

<p>The main genes identified by transcriptomic studies specifically targeting expression responses to insecticide selection or exposure.</p

Locations of bioassay data for the organophosphates and pyrethroids, 2006 to 2015.

<p>Locations of populations that have been bioassayed (susceptibility and dose response, adult and larval) are shown for both insecticide classes, overlaid on maps of environmental suitability for <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> and <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> from Kraemer et al. (2015) eLife, 4: e08347.</p

The geographical distribution of the 10 known voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) mutations in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> across the 3 continents in which they have been detected.

<p>Association of each mutation with pyrethroid resistance is shown in the key. Font size gives an indication of relative frequency.</p