Izražajnost ciklina D1, RET i p27 u papilarnom mikrokarcinomu štitne žlijezde

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of RET, p27 and cyclin D1 on regional lymph node metastases in papillary microcarcinoma. The analysis included 70 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma that underwent surgery at Split University Hospital Center between 1999 and 2001. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffi n-embedded tissue by the RET, p27 and cyclin D1 antibodies. Quantification was based on the intensity and distribution of nuclear staining, dividing tumors into those that showed expression (expressors) and those that showed no expression (non-expressors). Univariate analysis using χ²-test and Fisher exact test was performed with the level of statistical significance set at p<0.05. Th ere was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of metastases according to the expression or non-expression of RET mutation (χ²-test: p=0.459; Fisher exact test: p=0.672). Among 25 cases with cyclin D1 expression, 6 had metastases, whereas only 2 of 45 cases with no cyclin D expression had metastases (χ²-test: p=0.014; Fisher exact test: p=0.021), indicating that the expression of cyclin D1 is not crucial for the development of metastases in lymph nodes. In contrast,analysis of p27 expression showed it to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis because 3 of 45 patients with p27 expression had metastases, indicating a statistically significant correlation between p27 expression and lymph node metastases (χ²-test: p=0.093; Fisher exact test: p=0.124). This study confirmed the importance of the evaluation of RET, p27 and cyclin D1 expression and demonstrated the validity of their application in the assessment of microcarcinoma behavior.Cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti utjecaj izražajnosti RET, p27 i ciklina D1 na pojavu metastaza u regionalnim limfnim čvorovima kod papilarnog mikrokarcinoma štitnjače. U analizu su uključeni histološki uzorci 70 bolesnika podvrgnutih operativnom zahvatu zbog papilarnog mikrokarcinoma štitnjače u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Split od 1999. do 2001. godine. Histološki uzorci papilarnog mikrokarcinoma pohranjeni u parafinu i fiksirani formalinom imunohistokemijski su obojani pomoću tri monoklonska protutijela: RET, protein p27 i ciklin D1. Izražajnost je opisana prema intenzitetu i raspodjeli stanične obojenosti, dijeleći tumore na one koji imaju izražajnost (ekspresori) i one koji ne pokazuju izražajnost (ne-ekspresori). Statistička obrada podataka učinjena je pomoću χ²-testa i Fisherova egzaktnog testa, uz razinu statističke značajnosti od p<0,05. Nije uočena statistički značajna razlika u učestalosti metastaza u odnosu na izražajnost RET mutacije (χ²-test: p=0,459; Fisherov egzaktni test: p=0,672). U 25 uzoraka bila je prisutna izražajnost ciklina D1, od kojih su metastaze bile prisutne u 6 slučajeva, a od 45 uzoraka bez izražajnosti ciklina D1 metastaze su bile prisutne u samo 2 uzorka (χ²-test: p=0,014; Fisherov egzaktni test: p=0,021), iz čega proizlazi da ekspresija ciklina D1 nije presudna za razvoj metastaza u limfne čvorove. Nasuprot tome, ekspresija p27 značajno je povezana s metastaziranjem, jer su metastaze bile prisutne u 3 od 45 ispitanika koji su imali povećanu izraažajnost p27 (χ²-test: p=0,093; Fisherov egzaktni test: p=0,124). Ovim istraživanjem potvrdili smo važnost evaluacije izražajnosti p27, ciklina D1 i RET kao i vrijednost njihove primjene u procjeni ponašanja mikrokarcinoma

Practical Opportunities to Improve the Impact of Health Risk Assessment on Environmental and Public Health Decisions

Following alerts about the diminishing role of health risk assessment (HRA) in informing public health decisions, this study examines specific HRA topics with the aim of identifying possible solutions for addressing this compelling situation. The study administered a survey among different groups of stakeholders involved in HRA or decision-making, or both. The responses show various understandings of HRA in the decision-making context&mdash;including confusion with the health impact assessment (HIA)&mdash;and confirm recurring foundational issues within the risk analysis field that contribute to the growth of inconsistency in the HRA praxis. This inconsistency lowers the effectiveness of HRA to perform its primary purpose of informing public health decisions. Opportunities for improving this situation come at the beginning of the assessment process, where greater attention should be given to defining the assessment and decision-making contexts. Both must reflect the concerns and expectations of the stakeholders regarding the needs and purpose of an HRA on one side, and the methodological and procedural topics relevant for the decision case at hand on the other. The HRA process should end with a decision follow-up step with targeted auditing and the participation of stakeholders to measure its success

Cyclin D1, RET and p27 Expression in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of RET, p27 and cyclin D1 on regional lymph node metastases in papillary microcarcinoma. The analysis included 70 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma that underwent surgery at Split University Hospital Center between 1999 and 2001. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffi n-embedded tissue by the RET, p27 and cyclin D1 antibodies. Quantification was based on the intensity and distribution of nuclear staining, dividing tumors into those that showed expression (expressors) and those that showed no expression (non-expressors). Univariate analysis using χ²-test and Fisher exact test was performed with the level of statistical significance set at p<0.05. Th ere was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of metastases according to the expression or non-expression of RET mutation (χ²-test: p=0.459; Fisher exact test: p=0.672). Among 25 cases with cyclin D1 expression, 6 had metastases, whereas only 2 of 45 cases with no cyclin D expression had metastases (χ²-test: p=0.014; Fisher exact test: p=0.021), indicating that the expression of cyclin D1 is not crucial for the development of metastases in lymph nodes. In contrast,analysis of p27 expression showed it to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis because 3 of 45 patients with p27 expression had metastases, indicating a statistically significant correlation between p27 expression and lymph node metastases (χ²-test: p=0.093; Fisher exact test: p=0.124). This study confirmed the importance of the evaluation of RET, p27 and cyclin D1 expression and demonstrated the validity of their application in the assessment of microcarcinoma behavior