Starożytne źródła koncepcji harmonii sfer

The theory of “music of the spheres” (musica mundana) introduced by Boethius in his treaty De institutione musica is an original contribution in development of mediaeval theory of music. However, it’s roots trace back to the Greek antiquity. When considering the sources of medieval theory of musica mundana, one shall underline three most important sources: (1) mythology with its complex cosmogony (esp. by Homer and Hesiod), (2) early cosmology by pre-Socratic philosophers (incl. Anaximander, Heraclit), (3) Pythagorean school. Despite of the fact that idea of the music of the spheres – as presented by the Pythagoreans – was criticized by Aristotle in his De caelo, it became one of the most influential cosmological concept. One of the most striking results of this situation is the fact, that for many ages (during mediaeval era) music was regarded as a scientific discipline, despite its aesthetical dimension.The theory of “music of the spheres” (musica mundana) introduced by Boethius in his treaty De institutione musica is an original contribution in development of mediaeval theory of music. However, it’s roots trace back to the Greek antiquity. When considering the sources of medieval theory of musica mundana, one shall underline three most important sources: (1) mythology with its complex cosmogony (esp. by Homer and Hesiod), (2) early cosmology by pre-Socratic philosophers (incl. Anaximander, Heraclit), (3) Pythagorean school. Despite of the fact that idea of the music of the spheres – as presented by the Pythagoreans – was criticized by Aristotle in his De caelo, it became one of the most influential cosmological concept. One of the most striking results of this situation is the fact, that for many ages (during mediaeval era) music was regarded as a scientific discipline, despite its aesthetical dimension

The Ancient roots of 12th century theory of music of the spheres

The theory of "music of the spheres" (musicamundana) introduced by Boethius in his treaty De institutione musica is an original contribution in development of mediaeval theory of music. However, it’s roots trace back to the Greek antiquity. When considering the sources of medieval theory of musicamundana, one shall underline three most important sources: (1) mythology with its complex cosmogony (esp. by Homer and Hesiod), (2) early cosmology by pre-Socratic philosophers (incl. Anaximander, Heraclit), (3) Pythagorean school. Despite of the fact that idea of the music of the spheres - as presented by the Pythagoreans – was criticized by Aristotle in his De caelo, it became one of the most infl uential cosmological concept. One of the most important periods - from the point of view of the reception of discussed theory - is the twelfth century. It is often called the aetas Boethiana as it is distinguished by an increased interest in the works of Boethius, with special emphasis on his theological writings and Consolatio, which was very popular at the time. The reason behind this phenomenon was a growing specialization of issues relating to the theory of music, which fi nally led to its independence from the other areas of knowledge; yet this is not the only reason why the subject of the harmony of the spheres was again widely discussed in philosophical circles. An essential factor was the development of Neo-platonic philosophical schools, such as the famous School of Chartres. The interest in natural sciences in the School of Chartres and later in the Oxford School made the scientists of the time focus on the works of authors whose ideas were essential to the concept of the harmony of the spheres, among them such philosophers as Calcidius, Macrobius and Boethius

Starożytne źródła koncepcji muzyki sfer w XII w.

The theory of “music of the spheres” (musicamundana) introduced by Boethius in his treaty De institutione musica is an original contribution in development of mediaeval theory of music. However, it’s roots trace back to the Greek antiquity. When considering the sources of medieval theory of musicamundana, one shall underline three most important sources: (1) mythology with its complex cosmogony (esp. by Homer and Hesiod), (2) early cosmology by pre-Socratic philosophers (incl. Anaximander, Heraclit), (3) Pythagorean school. Despite of the fact that idea of the music of the spheres – as presented by the Pythagoreans – was criticized by Aristotle in his De caelo, it became one of the most infl uential cosmological concept. One of the most important periods – from the point of view of the reception of discussed theory – is the twelfth century. It is often called the aetas Boethiana as it is distinguished by an increased interest in the works of Boethius, with special emphasis on his theological writings and Consolatio, which was very popular at the time. The reason behind this phenomenon was a growing specialization of issues relating to the theory of music, which fi nally led to its independence from the other areas of knowledge; yet this is not the only reason why the subject of the harmony of the spheres was again widely discussed in philosophical circles. An essential factor was the development of Neo-platonic philosophical schools, such as the famous School of Chartres. The interest in natural sciences in the School of Chartres and later in the Oxford School made the scientists of the time focus on the works of authors whose ideas were essential to the concept of the harmony of the spheres, among them such philosophers as Calcidius, Macrobius and Boethius

Filozofia polityczna Dantego w świetle traktatu De monarchia

"Szeroko rozumiana kultura średniowieczna stanowi obecnie inspirację dla bardzo wielu badaczy reprezentujących najróżniejsze dziedziny naukowe. Prowadzone są systematyczne badania z zakresu historii filozofii średniowiecznej, literatury, wszelkiego rodzaju sztuk etc. O zainteresowaniu epoką medii aevii najwymowniej świadczy liczba dostępnych opracowań oraz wydań tekstów źródłowych, a także stron internetowych poświęconych różnym zagadnieniom związanym z kulturą tej epoki. Warto dodać w tym miejscu, że nierzadko są to strony czy też całe portale internetowe reprezentujące bardzo wysoki poziom merytoryczny."(...

Kliniczne metody oceny pacjentów z chromaniem przestankowym

W pracy przedstawiono wybrane metody oceny klinicznej pacjentów z chromaniem przestankowym. Metody te obejmują podstawowe pomiary hemodynamiczne, ocenę możliwości fizycznych pacjenta oraz badania kwestionariuszowe. Stosowane badania służą zarówno diagnostyce chromania, jak również ocenie skuteczności stosowanej terapii, a także charakteryzują stan funkcjonalny i jakość życia chorych. Heterogenny charakter opisywanej grupy pacjentów oraz związane z chorobą znaczne ograniczenie aktywnego uczestnictwa chorego w życiu społecznym i zawodowym wymaga użycia miar rzetelnych, całościowo opisujących stopień zaawansowania choroby, jak również jej wpływ na codzienne funkcjonowanie i jakość życia pacjentów. Na ogół odosobnione pomiary hemodynamiczne nie są właściwą metodą oceny a ich wartości nie korelują z możliwościami funkcjonalnymi pacjentów z chromaniem przestankowym. Podobnie, poprawa możliwości wysiłkowych, obserwowana podczas treningu, nie zawsze odzwierciedla się w poprawie wartości parametrów hemodynamicznych. Stąd też, w diagnostyce chorych z chromaniem przestankowym zaleca się stosowanie złożonych metod oceny. Celem pracy była zarówno ocena skuteczności metod najczęściej stosowanych w diagnostyce chorych z chromaniem przestankowym, jak i próba wskazania najbardziej przydatnych, zarówno dla celów klinicznych jak i badań naukowych.In this work there are presented different methods of clinical analysis of patients with intermittent claudication. The methods contain haemodynamic measurements, an assessment of physiological parameters, an assessment of the physical abilities of a patient and questionnaires’ assessment. These methods are used for diagnosis o f intermittent claudication, the evaluation of patients’ condition after therapy as well as for describing patients’ functional performance and their quality of living. Because of the heterogenic character of patients with intermittent claudication and their serious limitations in personal, vocational and social life, the parameters used for patient’s characterization have to be reliable, complex, describing not only the progress of the disease but also its influence on everyday life and quality of life. Isolated haemodynamic measurements are not a proper method of a patient’s evaluation, their values do not correlate with the functional performance of patients. Similarly, the improvement of physical abilities that is seen during trainings, is not always visible in the values of the haemodynamic parameters. These reasons indicate that a complex clinical analysis of different parameters in patients with intermittent claudication is strongly advisable. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the most common methods that are used in the diagnosis of patients suffering from intermittent claudication, with the indication of those that may be the most important for clinical and scientific research

A Novel Mechanism of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 Activation by Interleukin-1 in Primary Human Astrocytes

Reactive astrogliosis is the gliotic response to brain injury with activated astrocytes and microglia being the major effector cells. These cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors that influence extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In astrocytes, the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is up-regulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is a major neuroinflammatory cytokine. We report that IL-1 activates TIMP-1 expression via both the IKK/NF-kappaB and MEK3/6/p38/ATF-2 pathways in astrocytes. The activation of the TIMP-1 gene can be blocked by using pharmacological inhibitors, including BAY11-7082 and SB202190, overexpression of the dominant-negative inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalphaSR), or by the knock-down of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Binding of activated NF-kappaB (p50/p65 heterodimer) and ATF-2 (homodimer) to two novel regulatory elements located -2.7 and -2.2 kb upstream of the TIMP-1 transcription start site, respectively, is required for full IL-1-responsiveness. Mutational analysis of these regulatory elements and their weak activity when linked to the minimal tk promoter suggest that cooperative binding is required to activate transcription. In contrast to astrocytes, we observed that TIMP-1 is expressed at lower levels in gliomas and is not regulated by IL-1. We provide evidence that the lack of TIMP-1 activation in gliomas results from either dysfunctional IKK/NF-kappaB or MEK3/6/p38/ATF-2 activation by IL-1. In summary, we propose a novel mechanism of TIMP-1 regulation, which ensures an increased supply of the inhibitor after brain injury, and limits ECM degradation. This mechanism does not function in gliomas, and may in part explain the increased invasiveness of glioma cells

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Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape