Pion emission from the T2K replica target: method, results and application

The T2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan needs precise predictions of the initial neutrino flux. The highest precision can be reached based on detailed measurements of hadron emission from the same target as used by T2K exposed to a proton beam of the same kinetic energy of 30 GeV. The corresponding data were recorded in 2007-2010 by the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS using a replica of the T2K graphite target. In this paper details of the experiment, data taking, data analysis method and results from the 2007 pilot run are presented. Furthermore, the application of the NA61/SHINE measurements to the predictions of the T2K initial neutrino flux is described and discussed.Comment: updated version as published by NIM

A new SPS programme

A new experiemntal program to study hadron production in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN SPS has been recently proposed by the NA49-future collaboration. The physics goals of the program are: (i) search for the critical point of strongly interacting matter and a study of the properties of the onset of deconfinemnt in nucleus-nucleus collisions, (ii) measurements of correlations, fluctuations and hadron spectra at high transverse momentum in proton-nucleus collisions needed as for better understanding of nucleus-nucleus results, (iii) measurements of hadron production in hadron-nucleus interactions needed for neutrino (T2K) and cosmic-ray (Pierre Auger Observatory and KASCADE) expriments. The physics of the nucleus-nucleus program is reviewed in this presentation

Search for the QCD critical point at SPS energies

Lattice QCD calculations locate the QCD critical point at energies accessible at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). We present average transverse momentum and multiplicity fluctuations, as well as baryon and anti-baryon transverse mass spectra which are expected to be sensitive to effects of the critical point. The future CP search strategy of the NA61/SHINE experiment at the SPS is also discussed.Lattice QCD calculations locate the QCD critical point at energies accessible at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). We present average transverse momentum and multiplicity fluctuations, as well as baryon and anti-baryon transverse mass spectra which are expected to be sensitive to effects of the critical point. The future CP search strategy of the NA61/SHINE experiment at the SPS is also discussed

论创业投资中的风险控制

创业投资是资本市场培育高新技术产业的一种创新的制度安排，有别于一般的投资活动。由于被投资企业的不确定性、交易中信息的高度不对称及投资参与方以外的因素，使得创业投资在获得高收益回报的同时，要承担比一般投资活动大得多的风险，高风险是其核心特征。对风险的有效控制成为创业投资成功获得预期收益的关键。在我国目前这种环境下，由于经济体制和市场机制的缺陷，创业投资蕴含的风险更大，更有必要强调风险控制。全文共分三章，主要内容如下： 第一章比较创业投资与一般投资的主要区别，阐明创业投资风险的特殊性和风险控制的重点。 第二章这是文章的重点，针对创业投资的三个风险来源：被投资企业的不确定性、交易中信息的高度不对...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：经济学院经济系_政治经济学学号：19980900

Quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slag in the Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 system. Part II: evaluation of slag viscosities

A model is presented that enables viscosities to be predicted reliably over the whole range of compositions and temperatures in the AlO -CaO-MgO-SiO slag system above liquidus in the temperature range from 1543 K to 2643 K (1270°C to 2370°C). Experimental procedures and data from the studies reported in the literature have been collected and critically reviewed with particular attention to the viscometry methods and possible contamination of slag samples to select reliable data points for further model development. Relevant revised formalism to describe the complex viscosity trends including charge-compensation effect of the Ca and Mg cations on the formation of tetrahedrally coordinated Al was introduced. Parameters of the quasi-chemical viscosity model have been optimized to reproduce within experimental uncertainties most of the selected experimental data in the AlO -CaO-MgO-SiO system and all subsystems. This study is part of the overall development of the self-consistent viscosity model of the AlO-CaO-FeO-FeO- MgO-Na O-SiO multicomponent slag system

A quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slags in the Al2O3-CaO-'FeO'-SiO2 system

A structurally based viscosity model for fully liquid silicate slags has been proposed and applied to the Al2O3-CaO-'FeO'-SiO2 system at metallic iron saturation. The model links the slag viscosity to the internal structure of melts through the concentrations of various anion/cation structural units (SUs). The concentrations of structural units are equivalent to the second nearest neighbor bond concentrations calculated by the quasi-chemical thermodynamic model. This viscosity model describes experimental data over the entire temperature and composition range within the Al2O3-CaO-'FeO'-SiO2 system at metallic iron saturation and can be extended to other industrial slag systems

Review of experimental data and modeling of the viscosities of fully liquid slags in the Al2O3-CaO-'FeO'-SiO2 system

A general model based on the Urbain formalism has been developed, which enables the viscosities of liquid slags to be predicted for all compositions in the Al2O3-CaO-'FeO'-SiO2 system in equilibrium with metallic iron. Available experimental viscosity data have been analyzed and critically reviewed. The Urbain formalism has been modified to include compositional dependent model parameters. Experimental data in unaries, binaries, ternaries, and the quaternary system have been described by the model over the whole compositional and temperature ranges using one set of model parameters. This viscosity model can now be applied to various industrial slag systems

Measurement of negatively charged pion spectra in inelastic p+p interactions at plabp_{lab} = 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c

We present experimental results on inclusive spectra and mean multiplicities of negatively charged pions produced in inelastic p+p interactions at incident projectile momenta of 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158GeV/c ($\sqrt{s}$ = 6.3, 7.7, 8.8, 12.3 and 17.3GeV, respectively). The measurements were performed using the large acceptance NA61/SHINE hadron spectrometer at the CERN super proton synchrotron. Two-dimensional spectra are determined in terms of rapidity and transverse momentum. Their properties such as the width of rapidity distributions and the inverse slope parameter of transverse mass spectra are extracted and their collision energy dependences are presented. The results on inelastic p+p interactions are compared with the corresponding data on central Pb+Pb collisions measured by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. The results presented in this paper are part of the NA61/SHINE ion program devoted to the study of the properties of the onset of deconfinement and search for the critical point of strongly interacting matter. They are required for interpretation of results on nucleus–nucleus and proton–nucleus collisions.We present experimental results on inclusive spectra and mean multiplicities of negatively charged pions produced in inelastic p+p interactions at incident projectile momenta of 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c ($\sqrt{s} =$ 6.3, 7.7, 8.8, 12.3 and 17.3 GeV, respectively). The measurements were performed using the large acceptance NA61/SHINE hadron spectrometer at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. Two-dimensional spectra are determined in terms of rapidity and transverse momentum. Their properties such as the width of rapidity distributions and the inverse slope parameter of transverse mass spectra are extracted and their collision energy dependences are presented. The results on inelastic p+p interactions are compared with the corresponding data on central Pb+Pb collisions measured by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. The results presented in this paper are part of the NA61/SHINE ion program devoted to the study of the properties of the onset of deconfinement and search for the critical point of strongly interacting matter. They are required for interpretation of results on nucleus-nucleus and proton-nucleus collisions