長野県西部地震における松越地区の崩壊と地質

金沢大学先端科学・社会共創推進機構昭和59年9 月14 日，長野県木曾郡王滝村を震源とするマグニチュード6．8 の「長野県西部地震」が発生した。この地震により，御岳山南東斜面，松越地区および滝越地区において大規模な斜面崩壊が発生するとともに，多数の小規模な崩壊が発生した。　筆者らは，地震直後より松越地区の崩壊地を中心とする地域において， 被害状況， 地質分布などの調査を行って，崩壊地一帯の被害の現況と地質構造を明らかにした。　その結果， 崩壊地には基盤をなす古生層の上面に埋没した谷地形が発達していることと，この古生層上に堆積した御岳火山噴出物の下部層準である火山円礫岩に大量の地下水が賦存していたことが明らかになった。さらに，地震により生じた崩壌のすべD 面を形成する軟質な御岳火山噴出物の軽石凝灰岩に対して，前述の火山円礫岩から地下水が供給され， 過剰問隙水圧の発生などの影響が生じやすい地質構造をなしていたことが判明した。　本報告においては，以上の調査結果の事実関係とその特徴について報告するとともに，松越地区の崩壊の発生に関係する素因について述べる

Identification of MMP1 as a novel risk factor for intracranial aneurysms in ADPKD using iPSC models.

Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and intracranial aneurysm (ICA) causing subarachnoid hemorrhage is among the most serious complications. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for ICAs in ADPKD have not been fully established. We here generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from seven ADPKD patients, including four with ICAs. The vascular cells differentiated from ADPKD-iPSCs showed altered Ca[2+] entry and gene expression profiles compared with those of iPSCs from non-ADPKD subjects. We found that the expression level of a metalloenzyme gene, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, was specifically elevated in iPSC-derived endothelia from ADPKD patients with ICAs. Furthermore, we confirmed the correlation between the serum MMP1 levels and the development of ICAs in 354 ADPKD patients, indicating that high serum MMP1 levels may be a novel risk factor. These results suggest that cellular disease models with ADPKD-specific iPSCs can be used to study the disease mechanisms and to identify novel disease-related molecules or risk factors

Modeling Alzheimer’s Disease with iPSCs Reveals Stress Phenotypes Associated with Intracellular Aβ and Differential Drug Responsiveness

Oligomeric forms of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD), but the mechanism involved is still unclear. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from familial and sporadic AD patients and differentiated them into neural cells. Aβ oligomers accumulated in iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes in cells from patients with a familial amyloid precursor protein (APP)-E693Δ mutation and sporadic AD, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress. The accumulated Aβ oligomers were not proteolytically resistant, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment alleviated the stress responses in the AD neural cells. Differential manifestation of ER stress and DHA responsiveness may help explain variable clinical results obtained with the use of DHA treatment and suggests that DHA may in fact be effective for a subset of patients. It also illustrates how patient-specific iPSCs can be useful for analyzing AD pathogenesis and evaluating drugs