Effets compares de la bouse de bovins sechee et de la sciure de bois sur la croissance et le rendement du mais (Zea mays L.)

La culture du maïs nécessite des sols fertiles, or ceux de Côte d’Ivoire sont soumis à une dégradation qui occasionne une baisse de rendements. L’utilisation des résidus organiques pour leur potentiel de restauration de la fertilité des sols suscite un intérêt croissant. Pour les valoriser, cette étude vise à déterminer et à comparer leurs effets sur la croissance et le rendement du maïs (Zea mays L). Le dispositif est un bloc de Fisher avec trois répétitions et un facteur à savoir le fertilisant avec trois combinaisons : bouse de bovins séchée, sciure de bois et la combinaison bouse/sciure, comparées à un témoin. Chaque fertilisant a été appliqué, par poquet de semis, à 100, 120 et 140 g pour 10 kg de sol. Les paramètres de  croissance ont été mesurés à des dates régulières et le rendement en find’essai. Comparés au témoin, la croissance et le rendement ont été  meilleurs avec la bouse de bovins séchée, notamment avec B3 (47 à 136 %). La sciure de bois, quant à elle, a induit des faibles valeurs des paramètres mesurés, surtout avec S1 (36 à 42 %). Leur combinaison a donné des valeurs similaires à celles du témoin. Ainsi, la bouse de bovins peut être recommandée comme fertilisant pour l’amélioration de la croissance et la production du maïs.Mots clés : fertilisant organique, bouse de bovins, sciure de bois, croissance, rendement, maïs.English Title: Comparative effects of dried cattle dung and sawdust on growth and yield in maize (Zea mays L.)Organic residues are increasingly being used for their potential to restore soil fertility, Organic residues are increasingly being used for their potential to restore soil fertility, which is attracting growing interest in the agricultural world. This study aims to determine and compare their effects on maize growth and yield (Zea mays L). The trial was a Fischer blocks design with three repetitions and three organic fertilizers: dried cattle dung, sawdust and dung / sawdust combination, compared to a control. Each fertilizer was applied, per seedling pocket, at 100, 120 and 140 g per 10 kg of soil. Heights, leaf area, diameters, biomass, ear weights, and grain counts of maize plant were measured. Compared with the control, better growth and increased maize yields (47 to 136%) were obtained with dried cattle dung,especially with the high dose B3 (140 g). Sawdust, meanwhile, induced low values of the measured parameters, especially with the lowest dose S1 (100 g). The combination dung / sawdust gave values similar to those of the control. Thus, cattle dung, with an increase in agricultural performance, can be recommended as a fertilizer for improved vegetative growth and maize production.Key words : organic fertilizer, cattle dung, sawdust, growth, yield, maize

Teneurs en hormones dans les tissus des organes aériens de Faidherbia albida (Del) A. Chevalier en saison pluvieuse

La présente étude est axée sur des observations, des prélèvements d’organes sur des sujets sains, l’extraction des hormones et leur dosage spectrophotométrique. Les observations phénologiques de cinq pieds, de juin à octobre, ont permis de noter une défeuillaison de juin à juillet et une feuillaison à partir de fin septembre. Les analyses effectuées sur les feuilles, les écorces et les rameaux révèlent des taux variables de phytohormones. Ainsi, en fonction de l’organe et de la période, la teneur en auxine AIA3 a varié de 0,3 à 1,5 mg/kg de matière végétale fraîche, celle en gibbérelline GA3, de 1,5 à 3 mg/kg et celle en kinétine de 1,4 à 3 mg/kg. Cette variation est croissante pour l’AIA3 et la kinétine et décroissante pour la gibbérelline au niveau des écorces. Une tendance similaire est observée au niveau des rameaux. Cependant, dans les feuilles, les trois hormones ont évolué à la hausse à partir de fin juillet. Il existe une corrélation entre ces différentes hormones. La production de l’AIA3 influence négativement sur celle de la gibbérelline. Aucun effet significatif de l'AIA3 et de GA3 sur la kinétine n’est noté. L’objectif est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la physiologie de l’espèce.Mots clés : Hormones végétales, organes aériens, phénologie foliaire

Antécédents culturaux et identification de quelques pratiques paysannes en replantation cacaoyère en Côte d'Ivoire

La Côte d’Ivoire est le premier producteur mondial de cacao, avec plus de 1700 000 tonnes. Cette performance a été atteinte, principalement, par l’accroissement des superficies cultivées aux dépends de la forêt. L’enquête a concerné les parcelles de cacaoyers de moins de 5 ans (0-5 ans) et chaque producteur a été enquêté individuellement, chacun sur sa parcelle, afin de confronter les réponses aux observations de terrain. Les résultats des enquêtes effectuées, entre 2002 et 2003, par le projet PIC-CACAO, montrent que trois types d’antécédents culturaux sont actuellement utilisés pour la culture du cacaoyer en Côte d’Ivoire. Il s’agit des vieilles cacaoyères, des vieilles caféières et des jachères, moins favorables à la culture du cacaoyer. Face aux contraintes rencontrées au cours du renouvellement du verger cacaoyer sur ces antécédents, les producteurs ont, soit adopté des techniques proposées par la recherche, soit adapté certaines de leurs pratiques endogènes aux nouvelles conditions écologiques et naturelles du milieu. Les adoptions ont concernés l’utilisation de matériel végétal amélioré, issu des pépinières, sur les jachères. Quant aux adaptations, elles se sont traduites par la pratique de fortes densités de plantation de jeunes cacaoyers et par la densification de l’ombrage.Mots clés: Cacaoyer, antécédents culturaux, adoptions, adaptations, Côte d’IvoireEnglish Title: Cropping history and identification of some farmer pratices in cocoa replanting in Côte d’IvoireEnglish AbstractCôte d’Ivoire is the first producer of cocoa worldwide with more than 1700 000 tons. This performance was reached, mainly, by the increase of acreages at the expense of the forest. The investigation concerned the cocoa plots under 5 years (0-5 years) and each producer was investigated individually, each on his plot in order to compare his responses with field observations. The results of the investigations carried out, between 2002 and 2003, by PIC-cacao project, show that three types of antecedents are currently used for the culture of the cocoa-tree. They are the old cocoa plantations, the old coffee plantations and the fallow, less favourable of the cultivation of cocoa. Faced with the constraints during the renewal of the cocoaorchard on these antecedents, producers adopted techniques proposed by research or adapted some endogenous practices to the new ecological and natural conditions of the environment. The adoptions related to the use of vegetable material improved and nurseries on the fallow. As for the adaptations, they resulted in the use of high densities of plantation of young cocoa-trees and to the thickening of the shade.Keywords: Cocoa-orchard (Theobroma cacao L.), farming antecedents, adoptions, adaptations, Côte d’Ivoir

Evaluation of antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum in children according to exposure of Anopheles gambiae s.l or Anopheles funestus vectors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In sub-Saharan areas, malaria transmission was mainly ensured by <it>Anopheles. gambiae </it>s.l. and <it>Anopheles. funestus </it>vectors. The immune response status to <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>was evaluated in children living in two villages where malaria transmission was ensured by dissimilar species of <it>Anopheles </it>vectors (<it>An. funestus vs An. gambiae </it>s.l.).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A multi-disciplinary study was performed in villages located in Northern Senegal. Two villages were selected: Mboula village where transmission is strictly ensured by <it>An. gambiae </it>s.l. and Gankette Balla village which is exposed to several <it>Anopheles </it>species but where <it>An. funestus </it>is the only infected vector found. In each village, a cohort of 150 children aged from one to nine years was followed during one year and IgG response directed to schizont extract was determined by ELISA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Similar results of specific IgG responses according to age and <it>P. falciparum </it>infection were observed in both villages. Specific IgG response increased progressively from one-year to 5-year old children and then stayed high in children from five to nine years old. The children with <it>P. falciparum </it>infection had higher specific antibody responses compared to negative infection children, suggesting a strong relationship between production of specific antibodies and malaria transmission, rather than protective immunity. In contrast, higher variation of antibody levels according to malaria transmission periods were found in Mboula compared to Gankette Balla. In Mboula, the peak of malaria transmission was followed by a considerable increase in antibody levels, whereas low and constant anti-malaria IgG response was observed throughout the year in Gankette Balla.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study shows that the development of anti-malaria antibody response was profoundly different according to areas where malaria exposure is dependent with different <it>Anopheles </it>species. These results are discussed according to i) the use of immunological tool for the evaluation of malaria transmission and ii) the influence of <it>Anopheles </it>vectors species on the regulation of antibody responses to <it>P. falciparum</it>.</p

Odorant-Binding Proteins of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles funestus sensu stricto

is one of the major malaria vector species in sub-Saharan Africa. Olfaction is essential in guiding mosquito behaviors. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are highly expressed in insect olfactory tissues and involved in the first step of odorant reception. An improved understanding of the function of malaria mosquito OBPs may contribute to identifying new attractants/repellents and assist in the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly mosquito controlling strategies. female antennae. To compare the absolute efficiency/potency of these chemicals, corrections were made for differences in volatility by determining the exact amount in a stimulus puff. Fourteen AfunOBP genes were cloned and their expression patterns were analyzed. AfunOBP1, 3, 7, 20 and 66 showed olfactory tissue specificity by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that among olfactory-specific OBPs, AfunOBP1 and 3 are the most enriched OBPs in female antennae. Binding assay experiments showed that at pH 7, AfunOBP1 significantly binds to 2-undecanone, nonyl acetate, octyl acetate and 1-octen-3-ol but AfunOBP3, which shares 68% identify with AfunOBP1 at amino acid level, showed nearly no binding activity to the selected 12 EAG-active odorant compounds. olfactory system, and help developing new mosquito control strategies to reduce malaria transmission

Simple scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality after surgery for infective endocarditis

BACKGROUND: Aspecific scoring systems are used to predict the risk of death postsurgery in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). The purpose of the present study was both to analyze the risk factors for in-hospital death, which complicates surgery for IE, and to create a mortality risk score based on the results of this analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Outcomes of 361 consecutive patients (mean age, 59.1\ub115.4 years) who had undergone surgery for IE in 8 European centers of cardiac surgery were recorded prospectively, and a risk factor analysis (multivariable logistic regression) for in-hospital death was performed. The discriminatory power of a new predictive scoring system was assessed with the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Score validation procedures were carried out. Fifty-six (15.5%) patients died postsurgery. BMI >27 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.79; P=0.049), estimated glomerular filtration rate 55 mm Hg (OR, 1.78; P=0.032), and critical state (OR, 2.37; P=0.017) were independent predictors of in-hospital death. A scoring system was devised to predict in-hospital death postsurgery for IE (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.780; 95% CI, 0.734-0.822). The score performed better than 5 of 6 scoring systems for in-hospital death after cardiac surgery that were considered. CONCLUSIONS: A simple scoring system based on risk factors for in-hospital death was specifically created to predict mortality risk postsurgery in patients with IE

Effet de differentes doses de compost de fiente de poulet sur la fertilite des sols et les Parametres agronomiques de la laitue Lactuca sativa L.): Use chicken manure compost in lettuce culture (Lactuca sativa l.).

L’application directe et sans compostage de la fiente de poulet telle que pratiquée par les producteurs ne permet pas de restaurer de manière suffisante la fertilité des sols. Des études récemment réalisées préconisent qu’un compostage de la fiente de poulet durant 14 jours et appliqué à la dose de 40 t.ha-1 améliorait la fertilité chimique du compost produit et le rendement des cultures. Cependant, la dose de 40 t.ha-1 généralement recommandée pour les déchets organiques paraît encore élevée pour optimiser le rendement des cultures. L’objectif général de cette étude était de déterminer la dose optimale de compost de fiente de poulet, susceptible d’améliorer la valeur fertilisante du sol en culture de la laitue. L’étude a été menée selon un dispositif en blocs de Fisher avec trois répétitions. Cinq traitements de 0, 10, 20, 30 et 40 t.ha-1 de fiente compostée durant 14 jours représentés respectivement par T0, T10, T20, T30 et T40 ont été répartis de manière aléatoire dans chaque bloc. Les paramètres agronomiques évalués ont concerné le nombre moyen de feuilles, la surface foliaire, le diamètre au collet et la biomasse totale. Il est ressorti des résultats obtenus que les valeurs les plus élevées de ces paramètres agronomiques ont été observées au niveau du traitement T20, soit la moitié de la dose couramment utilisée pour les déchets organiques. Les résultats ont également montré que l’apport de la fiente compostée durant 14 jours à la dose de 20 t.ha-1 a permis d’obtenir le rendement moyen en biomasse de laitue le plus élevé (4404,08 ± 16,70 kg.ha-1). La fiente de poulet compostée durant 14 jours à la dose de 20 t.ha-1, peut donc être conseillée aux maraîchers pour une bonne croissance et un meilleur rendement de la laitue. The direct application of chicken droppings as practiced by producers without composting does not sufficiently restore soil fertility. Recent studies suggest that composting chicken manure for 14 days and applied at a rate of 40 t.ha-1 would improve the chemical fertility of the compost produced and crop yield. However, the 40 t.ha-1 dose generally recommended for organic waste still appears high to optimize crop yield. The overall objective of this study was to determine the optimal dose of chicken manure compost, which could improve the soil fertilizer value of lettuce. The study was conducted using a Fisher block device with three replicates. Five treatments of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t.ha-1 composted droppings for 14 days, represented by T0, T10, T20, T30 and T40, respectively, were randomly assigned to each block. The agronomic endpoints assessed were the average number of leaves, leaf area, crown diameter and total biomass. The results showed that the highest values of these agronomic parameters were observed at the T20 treatment level, which is half the dose commonly used for organic waste. The results also showed that feeding of composted droppings for 14 days at 20 t.ha-1 resulted in the highest average yield of lettuce biomass (4404.08 16.70 kg.ha-1). Chicken droppings composted for 14 days at a dose of 20 t.ha-1, can therefore be recommended to market gardeners for good growth and better yield of lettuce

The cost of providing combined prevention and treatment services, including ART, to female sex workers in Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Female Sex workers (FSW) are important in driving HIV transmission in West Africa. The Yerelon clinic in Burkina Faso has provided combined preventative and therapeutic services, including anti-retroviral therapy (ART), for FSWs since 1998, with evidence suggesting it has decreased HIV prevalence and incidence in this group. No data exists on the costs of such a combined prevention and treatment intervention for FSW. This study aims to determine the mean cost of service provision per patient year for FSWs attending the Yerelon clinic, and identifies differences in costs between patient groups. METHODS: Field-based retrospective cost analyses were undertaken using top-down and bottom-up costing approaches for 2010. Expenditure and service utilisation data was collated from primary sources. Patients were divided into groups according to full-time or occasional sex-work, HIV status and ART duration. Patient specific service use data was extracted. Costs were converted to 2012 US$. Sensitivity analyses considered removal of all research costs, different discount rates and use of different ART treatment regimens and follow-up schedules. RESULTS: Using the top-down costing approach, the mean annual cost of service provision for FSWs on or off ART was US$1098 and US$882, respectively. The cost for FSWs on ART reduced by 29$781, if all research-related costs were removed and national ART monitoring guidelines were followed. The bottom-up patient-level costing showed the cost of the service varied greatly across patient groups (US$505-US$1117), primarily due to large differences in the costs of different ART regimens. HIV-negative women had the lowest annual cost at US$505. CONCLUSION: Whilst FSWs may require specialised services to optimise their care and hence, the public health benefits, our study shows that the cost of ART provision within a combined prevention and treatment intervention setting is comparable to providing ART to other population groups in Africa