Effect of complete rumen modifier (CRM) and Calliandra calothyrus on productivity and enteric methane productions of PE dairy goat

Methanogenesis in the rumen is thought to represent 2-12% loss of energy intake. The energy loss as methane can decrease animal productivity and feed efficiency. In addition, methane is potentially involves in global warming that affects the atmosphere adversely. A research to improve PE dairy goat productivity and reduce enteric methane emission by supplementation of calliandra and complete rumen modifier (CRM) was conducted for 6 months. In this experiment 20 PE dairy goats were divided into five blocks according to body weight. The experimental design used was a randomized block design that consisted of four treatments, A). Elephant grass 50% + concentrate 50% (control), B). Elephant grass 40% + concentrate 40% + calliandra 20%, C). Elephant grass 50% + concentrate 48% + CRM 2% and D). Elephant grass 40% + concentrate 38% + calliandra 20% + CRM 2%. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Duncan test. The result showed that calliandra and CRM did not affect nutrient consumption, except that protein consumption increased (P 0.05) in calliandra treatments     (B and D). Nutrient digestibility increased in CRM (C) treatment, while other treatments did not differ from control. CRM also increased total bacteria (36.84%), milk production (67.21%), milk fat (25.0%), and reduced enteric methane production (65.71%). The improvement of milk production in CRM treatment (C) was followed by better feed efficiency than other treatments. In conclusion, CRM was more effective than calliandra in improving milk production of PE dairy goats and reduced enteric methane emission, but its effectivity was reduced in combination with calliandra. Key Words: Dairy Goat, Calliandra, Rumen Modifier, Methane, Productivit

PENGARUH RASIO ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL TERHADAP RECOVERY DAN KARAKTERISTIK SERBUK PEKTIN DARI KULIT KAKAO

Cocoa is a fruit crop which is able to be planted in tropical climate, e.g. Indonesia. Generally, people only take the flesh of cocoa fruit and the peel is removed so that it will increase the volume of waste. The cocoa peel contains useful compounds for food and pharmaceutical industries, such as pectin. Hence, a research to increase the pectin retrieval quality from cocoa peel is needed in order to utilize the useful cocoa waste. Methods used in this research is solid-liquid extraction with water as solvent in the presence of acid (HCl). The process of making pectin powder is done through several steps here: (1) Raw material preparation, (2) Pectin extraction, and (3) Analysis of pectin powder. The extraction process is done at temperature of 70℃ for 90 minutes with the pH of the solvent is 1.5. The variation is done on the ratio of volume of isopropyl alcohol to the retrieved pectin. The result of the research shows that the recovery of pectin is at its peak at 6.50% with the percentage of water at 5,82%, equivalent weight of 6454,5242, metoxyl percentage of 5,76%, galacturonate percentage of 35,45%, and esterification level of 92,31%. The best quality of pectin, determined by the highest value of characterization, is obtained when the ratio of the filtrate to the volume of isopropyl alcohol is 1:1

Rendemen dan Komposisi Kimia Biji Sorgum yang disosoh dengan Alat Sosoh Batu Gurinda

Nutritive value of sorghum grain can be improved by separating the pericarp (bran) from its endotherm (polished grain) with grindstone polisher. Laboratory scale grindstone polisher, "SATAKE" was used to polish three varieties of dark sorghum grain of No. 46, No. 6C and UPCA-S2. They were subjected to different polishing time (1, 2 and 3 minutes) and moisture content (10%, 12% and 14%). Variety and polishing time significantly (P<0.05) affected the parameters. Polished grain recovered decreased from 60% polished in one minute to 36% in three minutes. More than 88% tannin was removed. About 40% of protein was removed in one minute polishing and 60% was in three minutes. About 56% of ADF was also removed in one minute and 68% in three minutes polishing. Moisture content of the whole grain did not seem significantly to affect all parameters. It is concluded that in order to separate the pericarp from its endotherm of sorghum grain, grindstone polisher can effectively be used. Key words: Sorghum, polishing, yield, chemical composition

PABRIK SORBITOL DARI GLUKOSA KAPASITAS 88000 TON/TAHUN

This Sorbitol Plant designed at 80.000 ton/year capacity. Product result has 70% weight purity. This plant operated along 300 day/year. The raw material is glucose and hydrogen, and High Activity Nickel as the catalisator. Reaction of producting sorbitol occur at 145 o C and 88 atm at trickle bed reactor. This plant planned to build at Pasuruan, East Java at 80.000 m 2 area and 172 employees. The needed of ra material glucose are 5248,6068 kg/hour and 58,2753 kg/hour of hydrogen. High Activity Nickle as the catalisator needed are 61.008,1843 kg/year and alumina cylindrical 16.405,7951 kg/hour. Utility steam needed are 3.359,83 kg/hour, water needed are 11.106.806,76 kg/hour and electricity needed are 3.568,11 kW. Fixed Capital required are $22.124.684,14 and Rp 374,677,709,070.90. Required working capital of Rp 471,697,085,203.51. Profit before tax of Rp 224,048,202,405.30 / year and profit after tax was Rp 112,024,101,202.65 / year. Economic feasibility of the results obtained ROI calculation before tax of 37.60%, ROI after tax of 18.80%, pre-tax POT 2.10 years, 3.47 years after tax POT, BEP was 61.32%, SDP by 45 , 88% and amounted to 28.14% DCFRR value. Based on the calculation of the economic evaluation of the sorbitol plant with a capacity of 60,000 tons / year deserves to be studied further

Effect of micromineral and phenylpropionic acid on performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria degrading fibre of forage

Performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria as inoculum for fermentation of fibrous substrate treated with growth or stimulator factors have been conducted by in vitro. The bacteria were firstly separated and purified based on their morphological shape and followed by identification of their gram type. The treatments as follow : control, Cu (1,0 ppm), Zn (6,0 ppm), Se (0,02 ppm), Fe (16 ppm), Co (0,02 ppm), Mn (4,0 ppm), Mo (0,002 ppm), and phenylpropionic acid (PPA) (30 ppm). These factors were added into fermentation media individually (F.P/S) and as mixture (Mix F.P/S). Substrates used were cellulose and rice straw. Measurements were bacterial digestion of drymatter (DMD), bacterial count, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N contents. Gram test showed that inoculum cellulolytic cocci and rods are gram-positive and gram-negative consecutively. The results of treatments showed that Cu, Zn, Co, Mo and PPA improve digestibility of cellulose and rice straw substrates by cellulolytic cocci significantly (p0.05), and beside Mn, these factors increased the total count of cellulolytic cocci in fermentation medium significantly (p0.05). The growth or stimulator factors increasing digestibility values of the substrates by cellulolytic rods significantly (p0.05) were Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, Co, Mn and Mo (except Mn for rice straw substrate). Only 4 elements of the growth and stimulator factors increasing the total count of cellulolytic rods during fermentation of cellulose and rice straw substrates significantly (p0.05) that is Zn, Co, Mn and Mo. Digestibility of cellulose by cocci is higher than by rods (34.65% vs 29.87%), however, the digestibility of rice straw by both bacteria did not show difference. Digestibility of both cellulose and rice straw substrates was improved by cocci and rods combination and improved further when treated with Mix F.P/S. Parameters of fermentation media ecosystem measured (i.e. total count of bacteria, VFA and NH3-N) were generally changed to be better when treated with Mix F.P/S. It is concluded that performances of cocci and rods in digesting fibrous  substrate are different, and growth or stimulator factors improved the activities of both group of bacteria significantly.   Key words : Cellulolytic cocci, cellulolytic rods, growth and stimulator factors, bacterial digestio

Effect of micromineral and phenylpropionic acid on performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria degrading fibre of forage

Performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria as inoculum for fermentation of fibrous substrate treated with growth or stimulator factors have been conducted by in vitro. The bacteria were firstly separated and purified based on their morphological shape and followed by identification of their gram type. The treatments as follow : control, Cu (1,0 ppm), Zn (6,0 ppm), Se (0,02 ppm), Fe (16 ppm), Co (0,02 ppm), Mn (4,0 ppm), Mo (0,002 ppm), and phenylpropionic acid (PPA) (30 ppm). These factors were added into fermentation media individually (F.P/S) and as mixture (Mix F.P/S). Substrates used were cellulose and rice straw. Measurements were bacterial digestion of drymatter (DMD), bacterial count, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N contents. Gram test showed that inoculum cellulolytic cocci and rods are gram-positive and gram-negative consecutively. The results of treatments showed that Cu, Zn, Co, Mo and PPA improve digestibility of cellulose and rice straw substrates by cellulolytic cocci significantly (p<0.05), and beside Mn, these factors increased the total count of cellulolytic cocci in fermentation medium significantly (p<0.05). The growth or stimulator factors increasing digestibility values of the substrates by cellulolytic rods significantly (p<0.05) were Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, Co, Mn and Mo (except Mn for rice straw substrate). Only 4 elements of the growth and stimulator factors increasing the total count of cellulolytic rods during fermentation of cellulose and rice straw substrates significantly (p<0.05) that is Zn, Co, Mn and Mo. Digestibility of cellulose by cocci is higher than by rods (34.65% vs 29.87%), however, the digestibility of rice straw by both bacteria did not show difference. Digestibility of both cellulose and rice straw substrates was improved by cocci and rods combination and improved further when treated with Mix F.P/S. Parameters of fermentation media ecosystem measured (i.e. total count of bacteria, VFA and NH3-N) were generally changed to be better when treated with Mix F.P/S. It is concluded that performances of cocci and rods in digesting fibrous substrate are different, and growth or stimulator factors improved the activities of both group of bacteria significantly

Effect of micromineral and phenylpropionic acid on performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria degrading fibre of forage

Performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria as inoculum for fermentation of fibrous substrate treated with growth or stimulator factors have been conducted by in vitro. The bacteria were firstly separated and purified based on their morphological shape and followed by identification of their gram type. The treatments as follow : control, Cu (1,0 ppm), Zn (6,0 ppm), Se (0,02 ppm), Fe (16 ppm), Co (0,02 ppm), Mn (4,0 ppm), Mo (0,002 ppm), and phenylpropionic acid (PPA) (30 ppm). These factors were added into fermentation media individually (F.P/S) and as mixture (Mix F.P/S). Substrates used were cellulose and rice straw. Measurements were bacterial digestion of drymatter (DMD), bacterial count, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N contents. Gram test showed that inoculum cellulolytic cocci and rods are gram-positive and gram-negative consecutively. The results of treatments showed that Cu, Zn, Co, Mo and PPA improve digestibility of cellulose and rice straw substrates by cellulolytic cocci significantly (p&lt;0.05), and beside Mn, these factors increased the total count of cellulolytic cocci in fermentation medium significantly (p&lt;0.05). The growth or stimulator factors increasing digestibility values of the substrates by cellulolytic rods significantly (p&lt;0.05) were Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, Co, Mn and Mo (except Mn for rice straw substrate). Only 4 elements of the growth and stimulator factors increasing the total count of cellulolytic rods during fermentation of cellulose and rice straw substrates significantly (p&lt;0.05) that is Zn, Co, Mn and Mo. Digestibility of cellulose by cocci is higher than by rods (34.65% vs 29.87%), however, the digestibility of rice straw by both bacteria did not show difference. Digestibility of both cellulose and rice straw substrates was improved by cocci and rods combination and improved further when treated with Mix F.P/S. Parameters of fermentation media ecosystem measured (i.e. total count of bacteria, VFA and NH3-N) were generally changed to be better when treated with Mix F.P/S. It is concluded that performances of cocci and rods in digesting fibrous  substrate are different, and growth or stimulator factors improved the activities of both group of bacteria significantly.   Key words : Cellulolytic cocci, cellulolytic rods, growth and stimulator factors, bacterial digestio