Formation of NiAl intermetallic compound from powder mixture of nickel and aluminum by laser irradiation

Matsumoto R., Komaki S., Homi R., et al. Formation of NiAl intermetallic compound from powder mixture of nickel and aluminum by laser irradiation. Materials Transactions 62, 512 (2021); https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mt-m2020319.NiAl intermetallic compound was formed by laser irradiation on powder mixture of nickel and aluminum. In laser irradiation with an average energy density of 150 J/mm2 using a continuous wave 50 W Nd:YAG laser, Ni49 at% Al powder mixture was immediately heated up to a temperature above 1680 K by reaction heat on the interface between nickel and aluminum powders. As the result, the powder mixture was ignited with maximum bulk volume of approximately 1.0 © 104 mm3, and the powder mixture was partly melted. After solidification of the melted part by natural cooling, the formation of NiAl intermetallic compound was confirmed from the results of microscopic observations, hardness measurement, EDX and XRD analyses

Studies on the Chemical Composition and Quality of Silage. : V. On the Difference in Quality of Silage in a Silo and the Chemical Composition and Quality of Some Types of Silages.

In order to find the fundamental principle of the technics of silage-making and also the factors governing quality of silage, samples of the silage made at the experimental farm of this university, were analyzed. In the first experiments corn was ensiled in a tower silo (2.5m×7m), and samples of the resulted silage were taken seven times as the consumption of silage progressed. The samples from each layer were divided into two groups, the central and circumferential portions (Fig. 1). In the second experiments a mixture of corn and green soybeans was ensiled in the silo and samples of the resulted silage were taken from three parts, i. e. the top, the middle, and the bottom layers (Fig. 2). In each sample the chemical composition, especialiy the contents of organic acids, the total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen as well as the pH value were determined in the usual manner. It was found that the differences in quality and nutrient contents were not significant, although a slight difference was sometimes found when the resulted silage was not of good quality. In further investigation conducted with the bag sample method, also, the results were almost the same. Small scale experiments of silage-making were carried out with "Sekishomo", Vallisneria spralis L. var. asiatica MAKINO, cale, alfalfa, the peel of "Hassaku", a variety of citrus, the peel of "Unshiu", Citrus Unshiu MAKINO, beet tops and mint feed, i. e. the residual of distillation of mint for obtaining menthol and mint oil. Satisfactory silages were found to be prepared from peel of Unshiu, peel of Hassaku, cale, beet tops and mint feed, but not from Sekishomo. The peels of Unshiu and Hassaku gave fragrant and paratable products rich lactic acid, free of butyric acid, and of pH between 3.1 and 3.8. The silage prepared from the peel of Unshiu contained dry matter 23.35, crude protein 2.03, ether extract 0.45, N-free extract 10.08, crude fiber 0.35, and ash 0.89 per cent. The digestibility of the protein in these silages was determined by the usual WEDEMEYER method (Table 14). The protein of the silages Prepared from cale, peels of both Unshiu and Hassaku, and beet tops possessed a satisfactory digestibility, but that of Sekishomo and mint feed did not. The results of the calculation of the digestibility of silage protein by three different methods, WATSON'S, DIJKSTRA'S, and BARNETT'S, may be considered almost to agree

Studies on the Feeding Value of By-Products of the Sugar Beet Cultivation in Warm Regions. : II. Feeding Values of Beet Top Silage, Sun-Cured Beet Top, Beet Pulp Silage and Beet Pulp.

The authors have already published a report on the feeding values of by-products of sugar beet cultivation in warm regions. This is the report of some experiments successively made on the feeding values of beet top silage, sun-cured beet tops, beet pulp silage and beet pulp. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1)The beet top silage made without any additive had a good value of pH 3.7, and contained 3.6 per cent lactic acid and 0 per cent butyric acid. Pro-vitamin A content of the beet top silage was 1-2 mg. per 100 g. The silage was found to be a favourite feed with live-stock. Beet top silage contained 544 mg. oxalic acid per 100 g. The nutrient loss in fermentation process was 24 per cent in organic matter and 9 per cent in crude protein. The results of digestion experimets on rabbits showed that the digestibility coefficient of organic matter was 78 per cent; the digestible crude protein was 2 per cent and the total digestible nutrient 10.4 per cent(cf. Table 9). 2)The beet tops lost 24 per cent of organic matter, 17 per cent of crude protein and 86 per cent of carotene during 10 days of sun-curing. The results of digestion experiments on rabbits showed that the digestibility coefficient of organic matter was 66 per cent, lower than that of fresh beet tops or beet top silage. The sun-cured beet tops were less palatable to rabbits than the fresh beet tops or the beet top silage. The contents of digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrient were 8.4 per cent and 42.0 per cent respectively. 3)A good silage was able to be prepared from beet pulp. Furthermore, addition of morea in silage-making with the beet pulp was effective and the morea added silage was palatable to live-stock; it had the following properties: pH 4.15, lactic acid 1.89 per cent. acetic acid 0.25 per cent and butyric acid 0 per cent. The results of digestion trials on goats are shown in Table 19. The digestible crude protein and the total digestible nutrient were respectively 1.8 per cent and 13.5 per cent. 4)The digestible crude protein and the total digestible nutrient of dried beet pulp were respectively 5.9 per cent and 69.0 per cent. 5)The rsults of digestion trials by chromic oxide method using goats as experimental animals were compared with those obtained by the total collection method(cf. Table 23). The application of chromic oxide method to estimating the digestibility seems to be practically satisfactory and convenient

Global standardization education program collaborated by Osaka Univ. and MJIIT, UTM

In Osaka University, the Education on Global Standardization Program (Univ- EoGSz) for post-graduate students is offered by the Interdisciplinary Center of Osaka University and extensively developed since 2009. The Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) is now going to setup the courses of standardization education as a sub program in collaboration with Osaka University for Malaysian academics and university students. In this article, the objectives and frameworks of this global standardization education program will be evaluated, especially on the existing Osaka Univ. program and MJIIT program. The general issues on standardization education and the results of case studies on the current trends of global standardization are discussed. The contents of Osaka Model, which MJIIT is now adopting, are slightly different from the conventional educations regarding the introduction of standards, which was architected for the general local schools and companies. It is expected that the article will give a valuable example for understanding on the future direction of standardization educations and advance further its activities in academic and/or university on the issue.And by promoting this education, we hope the conceptual paradigm regarding standardization will be shifted from the just simple international standardization, as reflecting international expansion of the intellectual property right (IPR) based national standard, to global standardization, as commonly acceptable one beyond IPR.And it focuses more enhancing the innovativeness, entrepreneurial and global standardization activities as well

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)