High-density Linkage Maps for European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers and Mapping New Sources of Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a diploid with 11 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 2x = 22), monoecious, dichogamous and wind-pollinated. Eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala is a serious disease of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in North America, and infection leads to cankers that girdle branches and eventual tree death. Although breeding for genetic resistance is challenging it is still viewed as the most effective long-term method of disease control and pyramiding of multiple resistance genes in a single genotype is a promising approach to increase disease resistance durability. Alignment of the sequences of mapped SSR and RAPD markers and Illumina sequences of BACs with the reference 'Jefferson' genome identified four contigs (95F, 56F, 42F, and 77F) as being in the 'Gasaway' resistance region. These selected contigs were targeted to develop new SSR markers, of which 19 segregated in the mapping population and were placed on the reference linkage map. Twelve new sources of resistance to EFB were investigated. A 1:1 segregation ratio was observed for disease response in the 12 progenies, indicating that these sources carry resistance controlled by single loci at which the dominant alleles confers resistance, and that the resistant parents are heterozygous. Based on co-segregation with mapped SSR markers, five resistance sources were assigned to LG6 in the same region as 'Gasaway' resistance [Estrella #1, Moscow #26, OSU 1181.002 (C. heterophylla 'Ogyoo'), OSU 1185.126 (Crimea) and Moscow #23]. Two of the resistance sources (Moscow #27 and Moscow #2) were assigned to LG7 and one of them (OSU 1187.101 (Holmskij) was assigned to LG2. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from a double digestion protocol with two restriction enzymes (XbaI and DdeI) and genotyping-by-sequencing were used to construct a high-density linkage map for the F1 mapping population from the cross of OSU 252.146 and OSU 414.062. A total of 13,773 SNPs were identified and linkage maps were constructed for each parent using the double pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. Although SNPs from the female parent (OSU 252.146) were assigned to 11 LGs, which corresponds to the haploid chromosome number of hazelnut, SNPs from the male parent (OSU 414.062) were assigned to only 10 LGs with LG2 and LG7 merged and we attribute the merger to a reciprocal translocation involving LG2 and LG7. A pseudo-linkage between markers on LG2 and LG7 segregating from the male parent OSU 414.062 was found using bioinformatic approach and the SNP markers were placed in 13 groups in male parent (OSU 414.062). The distribution of SNP markers according to their physical positions on the 11 scaffolds in the V3 genome and their positions on the linkage maps of the parents OSU 252.146 and OSU 414.062 reveals that the markers from the ApeKI and double digestion protocol show a more uniform distribution across each scaffold compared to those from Cac8I. The translocation breakpoint on scaffold #1 was estimated to be between coordinates 14.202261 Mbp and 26.024850 Mbp and on scaffold #7 between 5.913835 Mbp and 12.015229 Mbp on the ‘Jefferson’ genome sequence (V3). From a library of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), engineered to clone large DNA molecules in bacterial cells, a minimum tiling path (MTP) of BACs was identified. The ends of the BACs in the MTP were sequenced and aligned with the ‘Jefferson’ reference genome. A total of 6,807 and 7,262 BAC end sequences were aligned with the V2 and V3 genomes, respectively. The aligned BAC end sequences include 53 and 74 pairs associated with the MTP of the EFB resistance and pollen-stigma incompatibility regions, respectively, in the ‘Jefferson’ genome sequence

Bis(2-amino-3-methyl­pyridine)­dichlorido­cobalt(II)

In the title compound, [CoCl2(C6H8N2)2], the CoII ion is four-coordinated by two pyridine N atoms from the 2-amino-3-methyl­pyridine ligands and two chloride ions in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry. A weak intra­molecular N—H⋯Cl inter­action occurs. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen-bond inter­actions

Rainbow trout broodstock and progenies registration and selection of Yasouj Fishery Research Center in order to breeding

Frequently,the development of quantitative traits in livestock based on breeding programs has been more important. In spite of higher selection response in fish than in farm animal, it is no progress in fish breeding programs in some regions such as IRAN, because of little information of genetic variation of stock, disconstructed or undesigned base population, the deterioration of genetic resourse and don’t well informed educated researchers, extension workers and aquaculturist in breeding theory and its practical issues. At first step, in Yasouj Coldwater Fishes Breeding Research Center, in order to conducting combined selection program in rainbow trout broodstock as base population and their off springs in mixed age parents,150 female and male broods with higher mean weight were selected, striped in 6 stage and eggs were incubated. One-year Fishes(45000 pcs.) of the six groups with higher mean weight in 5 stage were selected(438 pcs.) and remainder was discarded. Before selection, a few fishes of six aged-groups as control group were cultured apart. Difference (p0.05) in FCR and FER. Based on results, it isn’t told that difference between experimental and control groups is a result of genetic improvement of growth rate trait induced of selection process in one generation and the continue of this program for several generations in order to reveal the development of a quantitative trait is unevitable and mating of selected broods (438 fish) in a crossbreeding program and the selection of off springs is essential

Cryopreservation of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) semen

Breeding has moved beyond the point of simply propagating random stock. Genetic potential can be improved by establishing and crossing genetically defined strains, crossing species and manipulating gametes. Some of these activities require cryopreservation of semen. Cryopreserved sperm could also be a means of exchange of genetic material between locations and populations when transportation of live fish is restricted. In this study we had a survey on rainbow trout sperm quality in Genetic and Breeding Center for Coldwatwr Fishes, Shahid Motahari, Yasouj. Then Cryopreservation trials on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm were carried out using six basic extenders. Egg batches of 25 g were inseminated with semen frozen in five 0.5-ml straws. Thowing temperature of cryopreserved sperm also was tested. In anather trial we investigate different cryoprotectant. The result showd that the best period for sperm collection in this center was from Novamber to January. The best extender based on sperm motility parameters were extender 2 and 1 with 57.2 and 56.9% fertilisatin rates, respectively. So this two extender were used in the further experiments. The best thowing temperathre was 25°C in 30s. Testing different cryoprotectant, adding 10% methanol to extender 1 gave the highest fertilization rate (64.6%) among cryoprotectant that used with this extender. In the other extender (2) adding 5% DMSO and mixture of 5% DMSO and 1% glycerol gave the highest fertilization rates (64.8% and 67.0%, respectively). In conclusion using extender 1 and 2 with mentioned cryoprotectant and thowing rate of 25°C in 30 s was recammended for rainbow trout sperm cryopreservation

Characterization of low-molecular-weight-glutenin subunit genes from the D-genome of Triticum aestivum, Aegilops crassa, Ae. cylindrica and Ae. tauschii

Twenty low-molecular-weight-glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) gene sequences from the D-genome from Aegilops crassa (2n ¼ 4x ¼ 28), Ae. cylindrica (2n ¼ 4x ¼ 28), Ae. tauschii (2n ¼ 2x ¼ 14) and Triticum aestivum (2n ¼ 6x ¼ 42) were obtained using five sets of specific allele primer pairs. Only the sequences of the first primer pair were complete coding sequences (cds) of LMW-GS, and had 305, 304, 306 and 305 LMW-m amino acid residues in Ae. crassa, Ae. cylindrica, Ae. tauschii and T. aestivum, respectively. The repetitive domain and repeat motif numbers of all LMW glutenin subunits showed eight conserved cysteine residues that lead to the same functional activity in different genome. Based on DNA and predicted protein sequences, phylogenetic trees for all sets of sequences were drawn. At the DNA level, the species closest to T. aestivum for the second, third, fourth and fifth set of sequences were Ae. cylindrica, Ae. tauschii and Ae. crassa, respectively. At the protein level, the species closest to T. aestivum based on the first, second and fifth set of sequences were Ae. cylindrica, Ae. crassa and Ae. crassa, respectively. For other sets of sequences, bread wheat proved to be a distinct species. The LMW-GS gene sequences have been recorded in the GenBank with accession numbers JQ726549–JQ726568

Sex Differences in Emotions and Eating Behaviors among People Affected by Obesity

Relatively little research has examined sex differences among people affected by obesity. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between negative emotions and eating behaviors, taking into account the role of biological sex. The final sample consists of 200 candidates for bariatric surgery, 62 males (31%) and 138 females (69%), aged from 18 to 60 years (M = 40.71; SD = 11.30). Participants were screened with the Binge Scale Questionnaire (BSQ) and individually evaluated with the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Correlations were calculated by splitting the sample by sex. Analyses of the relationship between negative emotions and eating behavior showed a large number of correlations in the sample of women and few correlations in men. The differences between women and men with obesity suggest the need for a different theoretical construct that explains the differentiated mechanisms of functioning and lays the foundations for specific therapeutic paths