Rhetorical Lacunes: Causes, Implications, Warning

The article analyzes the current state of rhetoric as an academic discipline and the prospects for its study. Rhetorical skills and skills of the student are one of the significant results of educational achieve­ments. However, in Russia, their formation is hampered by the absence of the majority of native speakers of ideas about the logical, stylistic and ethical laws of public speech. Purpose of article - based on the analysis of works devoted to modern rhetoric, to characterize the state of rhetorical education in modern society and the place of rhetorical (communication) disciplines in the system of school and university education. The causes of the decline of rhetoric, the ways of its development as a factor in the education of a rhetorical person are considered, the problem of speech influence and its study in a higher educational institution is touched upon.В статье рассматривается современное состояние риторики как учебной дисциплины и перспективы ее изучения

ETHNIC DIFFERENCE OF HEALTH DISORDERS IN INDIGENOUS ETHNIC GROUP OF BAIKAL REGION (LITERATURE REVIEW)

An analysis of the researches showed that the indigenous ethnic group of Baikal region has high level of adaptation to a place of residence in comparison with migrant. Rate and clinical manifestations of diseases in the Buryat ethnic group have significant differences from the Russian (moderate type 1 diabetes, severe reproductive disorders). Also, there are some differences of redox protection state in indigenous ethnic group of Baikal region that could be an additional biochemical marker of disease severity

Replication timing in Drosophila and its peculiarities in polytene chromosomes

Drosophila melanogaster is one of the popular model organisms in DNA replication studies. Since the 1960s, DNA replication of polytene chromosomes has been extensively studied by cytological methods. In the recent two decades, the progress in our understanding of DNA replication was associated with new techniques. Use of fluorescent dyes increased the resolution of cytological methods significantly. High-throughput methods allowed analysis of DNA replication on a genome scale, as well as its correlation with chromatin structure and gene activi ty. Precise mapping of the cytological structures of polytene chromosomes to the genome assembly allowed comparison of replication between polytene chromosomes and chromosomes of diploid cells. New features of replication characteristic for D. melanogaster were described for both diploid and polytene chromosomes. Comparison of genomic replication profiles revealed a significant similarity between Drosophila and other well-studi ed eukaryotic species, such as human. Early replication is often confined to intensely transcribed gene-dense regions characterized by multiple replication initiation sites. Features of DNA replication in Drosophila might be explained by a compact genome. The organization of replication in polytene chromosomes has much in common with the organization of replication in chromosomes in diploid cells. The most important feature of replication in polytene chromosomes is its low rate and the dependence of S-phase duration on many factors: external and internal, local and global. The speed of replication forks in D. melanogaster polytene chromosomes is affected by SUUR and Rif1 proteins. It is not known yet how universal the mechanisms associated with these factors are, but their study is very promising

ETHNO-GENETIC MARKERS OF ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis a most of diseases. Important components of protecting cells from oxidative stress are antioxidant enzymes, whose activity is genetically determined, due to the presence in the structure of the alleles of genes. Antioxidant enzymes are characterized by population and individual differences in enzyme activity. The study of genetic variation in the population of the world and the history of the formation of its gene pool is one of the promising areas of modern population genetics. Genetic variability of antioxidant enzymes in the body has recently become the most attractive destination in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Due to the involvement of enzymes in the pathogenesis of antioxidant enzymes social diseases is an important implementation. Comprehensive study of the genetic polymorphisms of genes contributes to the formation of human disease susceptibility. The antioxidant system is of the person a system that blocks the formation of free radicals, highly active oxygen. Under normal physiological conditions, a small amount of oxygen is constantly converted to superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Excessive production of these radicals is a factor of injury; compensatory mechanism is the antioxidant system. The main component of this system is a network of antioxidant enzymes (AOP): superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and paraoxonase (PON). In this case, the activity of enzymes evolutionarily and genetically programmed to optimize the balance of oxidative processes and the activity of antioxidant defense systems. The purpose of the review is to summarize and discuss the current data on genetic polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes in certain pathologies, the development of which plays the role of oxidative stress

FREQUENCY OF POLYMORPHISM OF ALA16VAL GENE SOD2 IN SAMPLES OF MONGOLOID AND CAUCASOID POPULATION, LIVING IN EASTERN SIBERIA

The article presents the study of superoxide dismutase 2 gene polymorphism that plays an important role in antioxidant protection of an organism. We performed genetic typing in representatives of two ethnic groups of Eastern Siberia - Buryats (Mongoloid) and Russians (Caucasoid). Alleles frequencies among Russians were Ala = 0,492; Val = 0,508; among Buryats Ala = 0,343; Val = 0,657. We compared these frequencies between the populations from Russia and from abroad (according to the results of other researches)

Haploid biotechnology as a tool for creating a selection material for sugar beets

Since the discovery of the phenomenon of haploidy, biotechnology has become an integral part in the successful creation of new varieties and hybrids of various plant species. In particular, these technologies are actively used in agriculture, which is concerned with increasing the volume and improving the quality of products. The integration of haploid production techniques together with other available biotechnological tools such as marker selection (MAS), induced mutagenesis and genetic engineering technologies can significantly accelerate crop breeding. This article shows the main stages in the development of biotechnology since 1921. Now they are successfully used to create doubled haploids to accelerate the selection process of various plants and, in particular, sugar beet, which is the most important sugar crop in regions with a temperate climate. There are several methods for obtaining forms with a single set of chromosomes. For sugar beets, the use of gynogenesis turned out to be expedient, since in this case the other methods turned out to be ineffective in the mass production of haploids. The article considers the stages of obtaining the H and DH lines of Beta vulgaris L., as well as the main stages of biotechnological production of homozygous breeding material of this culture. These stages include selecting parental forms – donor explants, sterilizing buds and introducing non-pollinated ovules in vitro, obtaining haploids, doubling their chromosome set, creating doubled haploids, determining ploidy at different stages, relocating the obtained plants to greenhouses and growing stecklings. A number of advantages that the technology of creating doubled haploids in vitro has in comparison with traditional methods of selection are described. It has been shown that the use of these approaches is relevant when obtaining new highly productive hybrids and varieties of agricultural plants; however, the methods for the production of homozygous forms in sugar beet still require additional research aimed at increasing the efficiency and reproducibility of each stage of the process

СТАВЛЕННЯ МАЙБУТНІХ ЛІКАРІВ ДО ЛЮДЕЙ, ЯКІ ЖИВУТЬ З ВІЛ

SUMMARY. Tolerance to HIV-infected students in higher education is a very important aspect of future doctors in overcoming the consequences of the HIV epidemic. Almost half of students (48,8 %) are biased towards HIV-infected, so you need to choose the right strategy for medical education programs.Key words: people living with HIV, attitudes of doctors.Формування толерантного ставлення до ЛЖВ у студентів вищих медичних навчальних закладів є дуже важливим аспектом роботи майбутніх лікарів у подоланні наслідків епідемії ВІЛ. Майже половина студенти (48,8 %) ставляться до ЛЖВ упереджено, тому потрібно обирати правильні стратегії медичних освітніх програм.Ключові слова: люди, які живуть з ВІЛ, ставлення лікарів

ALA16VAL POLYMORPHISM OF SUPEROXIDEDISMUTASE 2 (SOD2) GENE IN CAUCASOID TEENAGERS WITH HYPERTENSION, LIVING IN THE EASTERN SIBERIA

The article presents the analysis of distribution of alleles and genotypes of AIa16VaI polymorphism (rs4880) of superoxidedismutase 2 (SOD2) gene in Caucasoid teenagers with hypertension (n = 102) and in Caucasoid popuIation sampIing (n = 65), Iiving in the Eastern Siberia. Frequencies of aIIeIes in popuIation sampIing were AIa = 0,492 and VaI = 0,508, of genotypes - AIa/AIa = 0,277; AIa/VaI = 0,431 and VaI/VaI = 0,292. In the group of teenagers with arteriaI hypertension the frequency of aIIeIes was AIa = 0,495 and VaI = 0,505, of genotypes - AIa/AIa = 0,245; AIa/VaI = 0,500 and VaI/VaI = 0,255. There were no significant differences found at the comparison the data

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Features of the Neurophysiological Sleep Pattern

The high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) causes a steady interest in this pathology. In recent years, one of the urgent problems in modern somnology is the assessment of the main mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction during the day and at night in OSA, the ideas about which, to a large extent, remain contradictory and not fully understood. One of the modern methods for assessing neuronal dysfunction during sleep is the study of the sleep microstructure, and for its assessment, the method of analysis of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), an EEG marker of unstable sleep, is used. The cyclic alternating pattern is found both in the sleep of adults and children with various sleep disorders and, in particular, with OSAS, therefore, it is a sensitive tool for studying sleep disorders throughout life. With the elimination of night hypoxia against the background of CPAP therapy, the sleep microstructure is restored, the spectral characteristics of the EEG change, and a decrease in the number of EEG arousals after treatment leads to the restoration of daytime functioning. Understanding the role of short-term EEG activations of the brain during sleep can provide significant data on sleep functions in health and disease. Despite the improving diagnosis of sleep disorders using machine algorithms, assessing the relationship of structures and functions of the brain during sleep, neurophysiological data are not entirely clear, which requires further research. In this review, we tried to analyze the results of the main studies of the neurophysiological sleep pattern in OSA against the background of respiratory support during sleep

Mechanisms of autoimmune pathology in post-COVID syndrome

One of the delayed consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection is post-acute COVID-19 – polymorphic disorders of various organ systems that affect COVID-19 convalescents and persist for more than four weeks after an acute infection. Due to the infectious nature of the COVID-19, we would like to pay special attention to complications from the immune system, especially concomitant and new-onset autoimmune pathology. This review analyzes the current state of the issue of post-acute COVID-19 complications, discusses the molecular features of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the mechanisms underlying the impaired immune response during acute COVID-19 infection and the occurrence of autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions during convalescence. Particular attention is paid to the molecular mimicry of antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which are structurally similar to the epitopes of human autoantigens. The current data on post-acute COVID-19 autoimmune complications from humoral immunity and the endocrine system, as well as reproductive disorders faced by male patients are presented. For the first time, we hypothesize a role of the structural homology of the human SOX13 autoantigen (HMG box factor SOX13) associated with diabetes mellitus and SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein in the development of the post-acute COVID-19 autoimmune pathologies. Due to the structural similarity of the two proteins and the overlap of their immunogenic regions, we suggest that the increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus and reproductive disorders in men after suffering from COVID-19 may be associated with immunological cross-reactivity