Правовое рецепторство и правовое донорство в конституционализме государств в условиях глобализации: социально-философский и образовательный аспекты

Introduction. The socio-philosophical and philosophical-legal analysis of the processes of law components exchange (legal norms, articles, prin­ciples, parts of legislation, legal ideology, etc.) be­tween legal systems (legal spheres) of different coun­tries has shown that this exchange takes place both in history and modernity. Its comprehension first of all began in Western law, starting from the Middle Ages. The assimilation of law components by some coun­tries from other countries is called the legal recep­tion. Historically, from the Middle Ages to the present day, the reception of Roman law componets by Euro­pean states has been the first and most widespread. But in the XX and especially at the beginning of the XXI centuries (in the era of globalization), the recep­tion of the components of law in the system of inter­actions of simultaneously existing states, as well as the interactions of countries and the international le­gal environment, developed significantly. In this case, it became necessary to study the legal mechanisms and patterns of legal interchange of the law compo­nents on an international interaction scale, in the era of globalization. The purposes of the article are: to consider some patterns of interactions between legal systems of different countries and other legal enti­ties, in the context of globalization (including legal receptions) from the standpoint of social philosophy; to identify the necessary categorical apparatus, to show the significance of introducing the results into professional legal (law) education. Methodology and research methods: dialectical and system-philosoph­ical approaches, methods of legal comparative studies, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, integration of the results. Results. There have been investigated the interstate processes of legal systems components interchange which lead to carrying out the reception of law by some countries and donation of legal components from other countries and legal entities. This type of diverse supranational legal rela­tions is designated and investigated in the article as the dialectic of the processes of legal receptivity and legal donation. Legal entities, participants in these processes, are designated as legal recipients and le­gal donors. The historically formed stages of legal re­ceptivity are defined: in time parameters from the past to the present; in the time parameters of the present. Different types of classifications of legal receptions have been grouped (ten such types have been iden­tified). The process of legal donation from leading countries and from international law has also been investigated; its main forms are defined as friendly, aggressive-aggressive, manipulative and competitive legal donation. It is shown that countries – non-inde­pendent legal recipients – are in the most dependent position. The specifics of legal reception – donation processes in modern Russian constitutionalism and in Russian law as a whole have been identified. Conclu­sion. The relevance of including the main laws of le­gal receptivity and legal donation as separate topics in professional legal education in the era of global­ization is substantiated.Введение. Социально-философский и философско-правовой анализ процессов обме­на компонентами права (юридическими нормами, статьями, принципами, частями законодатель­ства, правовой идеологии и пр.) между правовыми системами (правовыми сферами) разных стран показал, что этот обмен имеет место в истории и современности. Его осмысление раньше всего началось в западном праве, начиная со Средневеко­вья. Ассимиляция одними странами компонентов права от других стран получила название правовой рецепции. Исторически первой и наиболее распро­страненной стала рецепция государствами Европы, начиная со Средневековья и вплоть до настоящего времени, компонентов римского права. Но в ХХ в. и особенно в начале ХXI в. (в эпоху глобализации) зна­чительное развитие получили рецепции компонентов права в системе взаимодействий одновременно су­ществующих государств, а также взаимодействий стран и международно-правовой среды. В этом слу­чае появилась необходимость исследовать правовые механизмы и закономерности правового взаимооб­мена компонентами права в масштабах междуна­родных взаимодействий в эпоху глобализации. Цель статьи: с позиций социальной философии рассмо­треть некоторые закономерности взаимодействий правовых систем разных стран и др. правовых субъ­ектов в условиях глобализации (включающие пра­вовые рецепции), выявить необходимый для этого категориальный аппарат, показать значимость внедрения полученных результатов в профессио­нальное правовое (юридическое) образование. Методология и методы исследования: диалектический и системно-философский подходы, методы право­вой компаративистики, индукции и дедукции, анали­за и синтеза, интеграции полученных результатов. Результаты. Исследованы межгосударственные процессы взаимообмена компонентами правовых систем, в результате которых осуществляются рецепции права одними странами и донорство пра­вовых компонентов от других стран и правовых субъектов. Этот вид разнообразных надгосудар­ственных правовых отношений обозначен и иссле­дован в статье как диалектика процессов правового рецепторства и правового донорства. Правовые субъекты, участники данных процессов, обозначены как правовые реципиенты и правовые доноры. Опре­делены исторически сложившиеся этапы правового рецепторства: во временных параметрах от про­шлого к настоящему; во временных параметрах настоящего времени. Сгруппированы разные виды классификаций правовых рецепций (выявлено десять таких видов). Также исследован процесс правового донорства от лидирующих стран и от междуна­родного права; определены его основные формы: содружественное, агрессивно-захватническое, ма­нипулятивное и конкурентное правовое донорство. Показано, что в наиболее зависимом состоянии ока­зываются страны – несамостоятельные правовые реципиенты. Выявлениа специфика процессов пра­вового рецепторства – донорства в современном российском конституционализме и в целом в россий­ском праве. Заключение. Обоснована актуальность включения основных закономерностей правового рецепторства и правового донорства в эпоху гло­бализации в качестве отдельных тем в профессио­нальное юридическое образование

Practical observations - the COVID-19 influence on Latvian early intervention work with first episode psychosis (FEP) patients

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A Patient with 38 Years of Smoking History and Severe Shortness of Breath

Aim: to present a clinical case of post-COVID bronchiolitis in an adult.Key points. A 54-year-old female patient with a long history of smoking was hospitalized in the pulmonology department of the Clinic with a leading complaint of progressive shortness of breath after a COVID-19 infection. The diagnosis was established: bilateral bronchiolitis associated with a new coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction — positive); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage II according to GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease), exacerbation. Against the background of the therapy, there was a significant positive dynamics in well-being and in CT-picture of bronchiolitis. The patient was discharged for outpatient follow-up treatment. One of the most common symptoms of post-COVID syndrome is shortness of breath. Diagnosis of bronchiolitis, in which this symptom may be the only one, is difficult, especially in patients with a long history of smoking and the presence of comorbid pulmonary pathology.Conclusion. A clinical case of bilateral bronchiolitis in the framework of the post-COVID syndrome is presented. The key to successful diagnosis of bronchiolitis is a thorough differential analysis of the totality of anamnestic and clinical laboratory data, as well as a characteristic CT pattern

Перспективы применения пробиотических препаратов при острых инфекциях респираторного тракта

Аcute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. The disease occurs in any age, so its course could be associated with complications  and poor outcome.  Prevention  and treatment of ARI and complications  are important  problems in clinical practice.  Recent researches of human microbiome  composition  and functions have aroused a great interest to this field in order to prevent ARIs.In this review, the authors discuss non-specific  mechanisms  of human  innate antiviral defense and available data about a role of symbiontic intestinal microf lora for ARI prevention. Typically, main biological properties of probiotic bacteria are considered in the context of modulating effects on the inf lammatory immune response. Published data demonstrated reduction in the risk, severity and duration of ARI under the treatment with probiotic agents both in the children and in adults. The strain-specific effect and potential molecular antiviral mechanisms of probiotics enhancing the antiviral response of symbiontic bacteria are also discussed in the review.Острые  вирусные  инфекции верхних  дыхательных  путей  (ВДП)  являются  одним  из самых  распространенных заболеваний в мире. Заболевание возникает  у лиц всех возрастных  групп и в некоторых случаях может иметь неблагоприятные осложнения и исходы. Одна из приоритетных задач практического здравоохранения состоит в возможности профилактики и лечения  острой респираторной вирусной инфекции и ее осложнений. В представленном обзоре рассмотрены собственные механизмы  неспецифической защиты человеческого организма  от вирусной инфекции. Обобщены  результаты исследований по изучению роли симбионтной кишечной микрофлоры в профилактике острой инфекции ВДП. На основании имеющихся литературных  данных представлены  основные  аспекты биологических свойств пробиотических бактерий,  которые,  как правило,  рассматриваются в контексте  их модулирующего  влияния на воспалительную иммунную реакцию.  Проведен  анализ имеющихся данных о снижении риска возникновения, продолжительности и выраженности симптомов  респираторной инфекции при приеме пробиотических препаратов  (ПБП) как в детском возрасте,  так и во взрослой популяции. Обсуждается  вопрос  штаммоспецифического эффекта  ПБП.  В статье рассмотрены основные  возможные  молекулярные противовирусные механизмы  ПБП, за счет которых симбионтные бактерии усиливают противовирусный ответ

Клинические аспекты применения искусственного интеллекта для интерпретации рентгенограмм органов грудной клетки

The review considers the possible use of artificial intelligence for the interpretation of chest X-rays by analyzing 45 publications. Experimental and commercial diagnostic systems for pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, neoplasms and other diseases have been analyzed.В обзоре рассмотрены возможности применения искусственного интеллекта для интерпретации рентгенограмм органов грудной клетки путем анализа 45 литературных источников. Проанализированы экспериментальные и коммерческие системы диагностики туберкулеза легких, пневмоний, новообразований и других заболеваний

Apophis planetary defense campaign

We describe results of a planetary defense exercise conducted during the close approach to Earth by the near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis during 2020 December–2021 March. The planetary defense community has been conducting observational campaigns since 2017 to test the operational readiness of the global planetary defense capabilities. These community-led global exercises were carried out with the support of NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and the International Asteroid Warning Network. The Apophis campaign is the third in our series of planetary defense exercises. The goal of this campaign was to recover, track, and characterize Apophis as a potential impactor to exercise the planetary defense system including observations, hypothetical risk assessment and risk prediction, and hazard communication. Based on the campaign results, we present lessons learned about our ability to observe and model a potential impactor. Data products derived from astrometric observations were available for inclusion in our risk assessment model almost immediately, allowing real-time updates to the impact probability calculation and possible impact locations. An early NEOWISE diameter measurement provided a significant improvement in the uncertainty on the range of hypothetical impact outcomes. The availability of different characterization methods such as photometry, spectroscopy, and radar provided robustness to our ability to assess the potential impact risk

Apophis Planetary Defense Campaign

We describe results of a planetary defense exercise conducted during the close approach to Earth by the near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis during 2020 December–2021 March. The planetary defense community has been conducting observational campaigns since 2017 to test the operational readiness of the global planetary defense capabilities. These community-led global exercises were carried out with the support of NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and the International Asteroid Warning Network. The Apophis campaign is the third in our series of planetary defense exercises. The goal of this campaign was to recover, track, and characterize Apophis as a potential impactor to exercise the planetary defense system including observations, hypothetical risk assessment and risk prediction, and hazard communication. Based on the campaign results, we present lessons learned about our ability to observe and model a potential impactor. Data products derived from astrometric observations were available for inclusion in our risk assessment model almost immediately, allowing real-time updates to the impact probability calculation and possible impact locations. An early NEOWISE diameter measurement provided a significant improvement in the uncertainty on the range of hypothetical impact outcomes. The availability of different characterization methods such as photometry, spectroscopy, and radar provided robustness to our ability to assess the potential impact risk. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Brinson Foundation of ChicagoMoscow CenterNASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office, (80NSSC18K0284, 80NSSC18K1575, NN12AR55G)NEOOPlanetary Data SystemNational Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, (80NSSC18K0971)University of Maryland, UMDHorizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020, (870403)Planetary Science Division, PSDNational Research Foundation, NRFMinistry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka, (075-15-2019-1623)National Research Foundation of Korea, NRFMinistry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, (80NSSC18K0849, FEUZ-2020-0030)Overall, the campaign successfully demonstrated the capability of the planetary defense community to respond in real time to a potentially impacting object and obtain data sufficient to characterize its orbit, brightness, size, spectrum, rotation period, and hazard to Earth. Timely reporting of astrometry and preliminary physical property analyses, with appropriate error bars, significantly improved our knowledge of the potential impact consequences. Human factors, such as the end-of-year holiday season, had a distinct impact on rapidly constraining the rotation period of Apophis and demonstrate the importance of building a broad coalition for planetary defense spanning continents and cultures. Future planetary defense campaigns should focus on targets with less-favorable apparitions that might better simulate a future discovery of a hazardous object. Acknowledgments The Apophis campaign was conducted as part of the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN). IAWN is supported by the Planetary Data System (PDS) Small Bodies Node (SBN) at the University of Maryland College Park. The work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was performed under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This material is based in part on work supported by NASA under the Science Mission Directorate Research and Analysis Programs. This publication makes use of data products from NEOWISE, which is a joint project of the University of Arizona and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the Planetary Science Division of NASA. Pan-STARRS is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. 80NSSC18K0971 issued through the SSO Near Earth Object Observations Program. Part of this work was supported by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education via the State Assignment Project FEUZ-2020-0030. Part of the observations performed with the Zeiss-1000 telescope of the Terskol Observatory Shared Research Centre of the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We are extremely grateful to the IRTF and GTC Observatories’ night and day staff for their overwhelming support and assistance that made the observations possible. D.P. & M.M. are thankful to Richard Binzel and Francesca DeMeo for sharing their experience and wisdom while planning and conducting the measurements. D.P. is grateful to the Israeli Space Agency. M.M. was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 80NSSC18K0849 issued through the Planetary Astronomy Program. J.d.L., J.L., and M.P. acknowledge financial support from the NEOROCKS project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870403. This work was funded by NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office. Supercomputing resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center. This work has made use of data from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project. ATLAS is primarily funded to search for NEAs through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575byproducts of the NEA search include images and catalogs from the survey area. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the South African Astronomical Observatory. This work is partially supported by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF). Spacewatch is supported by NASA/NEOO grants and the Brinson Foundation of Chicago, IL. We thank TUBITAK National Observatory for partial support in using the T100 telescope with project number 20CT100-1743. This work was supported by the Moscow Center of Fundamental and Applied Mathematics, Agreement with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, No. 075-15-2019-1623. This work made extensive use of Python, specifically the NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), and SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020b) packages

Recovery of the Intestinal Microbiota Metabolic Activity in Patients with Bronchial Asthma

Aim. To investigate the feasibility of correcting the content and profile of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces of patients suffering from allergic bronchial asthma.Materials and methods. The study included 30 patients with allergic bronchial asthma (BA). All patients underwent a generally accepted range of clinical laboratory tests, functional respiratory tests and a hydrogen breath test with lactulose to detect SIBO. The SCFA spectrum was determined by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. All patients with BA underwent standard basic therapy with combined preparations containing long-acting beta-2-adre nergic agonists and inhaled glucocorticoids. For the treatment of SIBO, 10 patients were prescribed rifaximin-α at a dose of 200 mg × 3 times a day for 7 days, 10 patients were prescribed rifaximin-α at the same dose, followed by the administration of the Lactobalans drug containing at least 3.0×109 CFU/caps. probiotic microorganisms (Lactobacillus gassery KS-13, Lactobacillus gasser LAC-343, Lactobacillus ramnosus LCS-742, Bifi dobacterium bifi dum G9-1, Bifi dobacterium longum MM-2, Bifi dobacterium longum BB536 Strain M, Bifi dobacterium biumidum BB536 Strain M. Bifi dobacterium biumidum biumidum BB536 Strain M. lactis B1-04) in 1 capsule once a day for 1 month. A probiotic course of 1 month was assigned to 10 patients without SIBO as part of the complex treatment of BA. The study of SCFA was carried out in all groups immediately after the end of probiotic therapy (after 1 month).Results. All patients demonstrated normalisation of the SCFA spectrum and anaerobic index. In patients without SIBO, during a probiotic therapy, an increase in the total content of SCFA (p <0.001), acetic and butyric acid (p <0.001) was revealed. The administration of a probiotic after a course of rifaximin-α led to a decrease in the relative amount of isoacids and the isoacids/acids ratio in comparison with patients who received rifaximin-α only for treatment of SIBO (p <0.05).Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of drugs in affecting the composition and number of active bacterial metabolites of the intestinal biotope, which indicates the restoration of intestinal microbiocenosis