A fine-grained distinction of coarse graining

This paper aims to distinguish two main types of coarse graining, and reveal the relationship between the notions of coarse graining and emergence. In physics, some forms of coarse graining seem to be indispensable to show a physical property, and the other merely changes our descriptions of the system. To clarify the notion of coarse graining, this article investigates the cases of the renormalization group method and irreversibility, both of which have been important topics in philosophy of science, and the case of the rigid body in classical mechanics, which is an elementary case including coarse graining. The case studies reveal the distinction between substantial and mere coarse-graining. This distinction clarifies the relationships between the notions of coarse graining and emergence and further provides some implications for the issues about emergence

ドウシ ノ ダイ ニ チュウシケイ ガ アラワス イミ アスペクト ト ドウシ ノ タイプ ニ チュウモク シテ

本稿は、主に以下の点を記述することを目的としたものである。①シテ形式の意味のあり方が定形動詞のアスペクトと相関している場合がある。②定形動詞のアスペクトによって意味のあり方の異なりが典型的に現れるのは、シテ形式が主体動作客体変化動詞の場合である。定形動詞が継続相の場合、シテ形式は、時間的に先行する主体動作の側面は背景化させて、主要な事象に対して〈客体の結果状態の同時性〉を表す。定形動詞が完成相の場合、二つの動作は継起的になるが、シテ形式は単に先行する動作を表すのではなく、〈主体の動作の先行性と客体の結果状態の同時性〉を表す。③定形動詞のアスペクトと時間構造の側面に関わらずシテ形式に共通しているのは、奥田（1989）が指摘しているように、定形動詞が表す主要な事象に対して、シテ形式が副次的な事象（動作や結果状態）を表す点である。特に主体動作客体変化動詞では、定形動詞が表す主要な事象を成立させるための、意図的に準備された客体の結果状態という副次的な意味が前面化する

Effect of Subcutaneous Adrenaline/Saline/Lidocaine Injection on Split-Thickness Skin Graft Donor Site Wound Healing

[Background] Subcutaneous injection of tumescent solution, which contains local anesthetic, adrenaline, and saline, before split-thickness skin graft harvesting, shows a significant hemostatic effect. This method can reduce the initial bleeding from the donor site. The aim of this study is to assess the benefits of controlling the bleeding from donor sites by tumescent injection. A randomized, controlled trial was performed to compare the wound healing of split-thickness skin graft donor sites treated with or without tumescent injection. [Methods] This randomized, controlled trial examined donor site healing days as the main measure of outcome. postoperative pain, donor site ulceration, and scar quality were evaluated as secondary outcome measures. Patients planned for split-thickness skin graft harvest were randomly assigned to receive either pre-harvest subcutaneous injection of local anesthetic, adrenaline, and saline solution (tumescent solution) (Group 1) or post-harvest application of adrenaline solution-soaked gauze to the skin graft donor sites (Group 2). Donor sites were treated with calcium alginate dressings after graft harvesting. On the 10th postoperative day, the dressings were removed and donor site healing were measured. Follow-up evaluation of scar quality was performed 6 months after surgery. Postoperative pain was evaluated on the 1st day after operating. [Results] Forty-five patients (26 males; average age 61.8 years) completed the late follow-up evaluation (6 months postoperatively), with 26 patients in group 1 and 19 in group 2. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the outcome measures. [Conclusion] Tumescent technique provides sufficient hemostasis in split skin graft donor sites, especially the initial bleeding just after graft harvesting, without any negative effects. Larger series should be studied to evaluate the effect in donor site wound healing

Multiple failed intubation attempts are associated with decreased success rates on the first rescue intubation in the emergency department: a retrospective analysis of multicentre observational data

Background: Although the international guidelines emphasize early and systematic use of rescue intubation techniques, there is little evidence to support this notion. We aimed to test the hypothesis that preceding multiple failed intubation attempts are associated with a decreased success rate on the first rescue intubation in emergency departments (EDs). Methods: We analysed data from two multicentre prospective registries designed to characterize current ED airway management in Japan between April 2010 and June 2013. All patients who underwent a rescue intubation after a failed attempt or a series of failed attempts were included for the analysis. Multiple failed intubation attempts were defined as ≥2 consecutive failed intubation attempts before a rescue intubation. Primary outcome measure was success rate on the first rescue intubation attempt. Results: Of 6,273 consecutive patients, 1,151 underwent a rescue intubation. The success rate on the first rescue intubation attempt declined as the number of preceding failed intubation attempts increased (81% [95% CI, 79%-84%] after one failed attempt; 71% [95% CI, 66%-76%] after two failed attempts; 67% [95% CI, 55%-78%] after three or more failed attempts; Ptrend <0.001). In the multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, principal indication, change in methods, devices, and intubator specialty, and clustering of patients within EDs, success rate on the first rescue intubation after two failed attempts was significantly lower (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41-0.77) compared to that after one failed attempt. Similarly, success rate on the first rescue intubation attempt after three or more failed attempts was significantly lower (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.94) compared to that after one failed attempt. Conclusion: Preceding multiple failed intubation attempts was independently associated with a decreased success rate on the first rescue intubation in the ED

Detection of Salivary miRNAs That Predict Chronic Periodontitis Progression: A Cohort Study

The aim of this two-year cohort study was to investigate salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) that predict periodontitis progression. A total of 120 patients who underwent supportive periodontal therapy were recruited. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline. Two years later, 44 patients were followed up (median age, 67.1 years) and divided into two groups: progression group (n = 22), with one or more sites with clinical attachment level (CAL) progression (>3 mm compared with baseline) or tooth extraction due to periodontitis progression; and the control group (n = 22), which did not exhibit CAL progression. In the microarray analysis of salivary miRNAs, hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-miR-17-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-4724-3p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-28-5p, hsa-miR-320d, and hsa-miR-31-5p showed fold change values = 2.0 in the progression group compared with the control group (p 0.7, indicating fair discrimination power. The expressions of salivary hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-28-5p, and hsa-miR-320d were associated with periodontitis progression in patients with chronic periodontitis. These salivary miRNAs may be new biomarkers for progression of periodontitis, and monitoring them may contribute to new diagnostics and precision medicine for periodontitis

ドウシ ノ ダイニ チュウシケイ ノ アスペクト ト ジュツゴ ラシサ シテイテ ト シテ ノ ヒカク

本稿は，動詞の第二中止形の述語らしさについて，アスペクトに注目して記述したものである。分析では，シテとシテイテを比較して相互に言い換えができる場合とできない場合を取り出し，それぞれ定形動詞のアスペクトや中止形の動詞のタイプといった構文的特徴から記述した。そして，中止形のアスペクト的性質や文の成分の観点からシテとシテイテの述語らしさを考察し，次のような結果を得た。定形動詞が完成相の場合，シテイテはアスペクト形式として独立している点で最も述語らしい。定形動詞が継続相の場合には，シテイテとシテは独立したアスペクト形式とは言えないものの，述語らしい機能を果たす場合がある。一方で，シテにはアスペクト対立を持たず，従属的または複合的な関係の中で用いられ，述語らしいとは言えない場合がある

Hemodynamic Analysis of a Microanastomosis Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

[Background] Technical issues in free flap transfer, such as the selection of recipient vessels and the positioning and method of anastomosis of the vascular pedicle, have been the subject of vigorous debate. Recent developments in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have enabled the analysis of blood flow within microvessels. In this study, CFD was used to analyze hemodynamics in a microanastomosis. [Methods] In the fluid calculation process, the fluid domain modelizes microvessels with anastomosis. The inlet flow conditions were measured as venous waveform, and the fluid is simulated as blood. Streamlines (SL), wall shear stress (WSS), and oscillatory shear index (OSI) at the anastomosis were visualized and analyzed for observing effects from the flow field. [Results] Some flow disruption was evident as the SL passed over the sutures. The maximum recorded WSS was 13.37 Pa where the peak of a suture was exposed in the lumen. The local maximum value of the OSI was 0.182, recorded at the base of the anastomosis on the outflow side. [Conclusion] In the ideal anastomosis, the SL is disrupted as little as possible by the sutures. The WSS indicated that thrombus formation is unlikely to occur at suture peaks, but more likely to occur at the base of sutures, where the OSI is high. Tight suture knots are important in microanastomosis