The Practical and the Theoretical: Comparing Displacement by Development and Ethics of Global Development

This paper begins by highlighting some of the key contributions of two recent books: Displacement by Development: Ethics, Rights and Responsibilities by Peter Penz, Jay Drydyk and Pablo S. Bose and Ethics of Global Development: Agency, Capability, and Deliberative Democracy by David Crocker. The paper then identifies some of the similarities and differences in their accounts and in particular with respect to the important role of empowerment in Displacement by Development and of participation in Crocker's analysis of deliberative democracy. The result will be a critical evaluation of the respective contributions of these books to development ethics, an assessment of the disagreements between them, and a discussion of how this current work fits with or departs from Sen's and Nussbaum's versions of the capability approach

Systematic Review: Noninvasive Assessments of Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in the Adult Population

Item does not contain fulltextChronic intestinal failure (CIF) patients are at risk for developing intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), which can progress to end-stage liver disease. Liver biopsy is the current reference standard to diagnose and monitor IFALD. However, due to its associated complications, biopsy is an unattractive tool in this respect. Our aim was to assess the evidence regarding non-invasive assessment of IFALD in the adult population and provide ideas to take this field further. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. We included studies in the adult/mixed intestinal failure population, performing non-invasive diagnostic assessment of IFALD and using liver biopsy, 1H-MRS or MRI-PDFF as reference. Quality of the included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Four studies were included, assessing two serum (vitamin B12, FGF21) and two imaging tests (Fibroscan, CAUS). Three used liver biopsy as reference, all according to a different histological scoring system. One used 1H-MRS as reference. Vitamin B12 did not correlate with liver injury, Fibroscan did not correlate with fibrosis, but with cholestasis. FGF21 correlated with steatosis grade. Several CAUS parameters correlated with the degree of steatosis assessed by 1H-MRS. In conclusion, three tests show promise to non-invasively assess IFALD, but the limited data do not justify conclusions on the diagnostic value of the tested biomarkers. Hence, additional studies are needed. Identification of and validation for grading and staging of clinically relevant histomorphological parameters of IFALD is also crucial and a conceptual study set up is provided