86 research outputs found
Quantum anti-Zeno effect without wave function reduction
We study the measurement-induced enhancement of the spontaneous decay (called
quantum anti-Zeno effect) for a two-level subsystem, where measurements are
treated as couplings between the excited state and an auxiliary state rather
than the von Neumann's wave function reduction. The photon radiated in a fast
decay of the atom, from the auxiliary state to the excited state, triggers a
quasi-measurement, as opposed to a projection measurement. Our use of the term
"quasi-measurement" refers to a "coupling-based measurement". Such frequent
quasi-measurements result in an exponential decay of the survival probability
of atomic initial state with a photon emission following each
quasi-measurement. Our calculations show that the effective decay rate is of
the same form as the one based on projection measurements. What is more
important, the survival probability of the atomic initial state which is
obtained by tracing over all the photon states is equivalent to the survival
probability of the atomic initial state with a photon emission following each
quasi-measurement to the order under consideration. That is because the
contributions from those states with photon number less than the number of
quasi-measurements originate from higher-order processes.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Thermodynamical Control by Frequent Quantum Measurements
Heat flow between a large ``bath'' and a smaller system brings them
progressively closer to thermal equilibrium while increasing their entropy.
Deviations from this trend are fluctuations involving a small fraction of a
statistical ensemble of systems interacting with the bath: in this respect,
quantum and classical thermodynamics are in agreement. Can there be drastic
differences between them? Here we address a distinctly quantum mechanical
setting that displays such differences: disturbances of thermal equilibrium
between two-level systems (TLS) and a bath by frequent and brief quantum
(non-demolishing) measurements of the TLS energy-states. If the measurements
are frequent enough to induce either the Zeno or the anti-Zeno regime, namely,
the slowdown or speedup of the TLS relaxation, then the resulting entropy and
temperature of both the system and the bath are found to be completely
unrelated to what is expected by standard thermodynamical rules that hold for
memoryless baths. The practical advantage of these anomalies is the possibility
of very fast control of heat and entropy, allowing cooling and
state-purification of quantum systems much sooner than their thermal
equilibration time.Comment: 10 Pages. Pre-submission version of Nature {\bf 452}, 724 (2008).
Includes Supplementary Informatio
Quantum Process Tomography of a Universal Entangling Gate Implemented with Josephson Phase Qubits
Quantum logic gates must perform properly when operating on their standard
input basis states, as well as when operating on complex superpositions of
these states. Experiments using superconducting qubits have validated the truth
table for particular implementations of e.g. the controlled-NOT gate [1,2], but
have not fully characterized gate operation for arbitrary superpositions of
input states. Here we demonstrate the use of quantum process tomography (QPT)
[3,4] to fully characterize the performance of a universal entangling gate
between two superconducting quantum bits. Process tomography permits complete
gate analysis, but requires precise preparation of arbitrary input states,
control over the subsequent qubit interaction, and simultaneous single-shot
measurement of the output states. We use QPT to measure the fidelity of the
entangling gate and to quantify the decoherence mechanisms affecting the gate
performance. In addition to demonstrating a promising fidelity, our entangling
gate has a on/off ratio of 300, a level of adjustable coupling that will become
a requirement for future high-fidelity devices. This is the first solid-state
demonstration of QPT in a two-qubit system, as solid-state process tomography
has previously only been demonstrated with single qubits [5,6]
InForm software: A semi-Automated research tool to identify presumptive human hepatic progenitor cells, and other histological features of pathological significance
Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) play an important regenerative role in acute and chronic liver pathologies. Liver disease research often necessitates the grading of disease severity, and pathologists' reports are the current gold-standard for assessment. However, it is often impractical to recruit pathologists in large cohort studies. In this study we utilise PerkinElmer's "InForm" software package to semi-Automate the scoring of patient liver biopsies, and compare outputs to a pathologist's assessment. We examined a cohort of eleven acute hepatitis samples and three non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) samples, stained with HPC markers (GCTM-5 and Pan Cytokeratin), an inflammatory marker (CD45), Sirius Red to detect collagen and haematoxylin/eosin for general histology. InForm was configured to identify presumptive HPCs, CD45 +ve inflammatory cells, areas of necrosis, fat and collagen deposition (p < 0.0001). Hepatitis samples were then evaluated both by a pathologist using the Ishak-Knodell scoring system, and by InForm through customised algorithms. Necroinflammation as evaluated by a pathologist, correlated with InForm outputs (r 2 = 0.8192, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that the InForm software package provides a useful tool for liver disease research, allowing rapid, and objective quantification of the presumptive HPCs and identifies histological features that assist with assessing liver disease severity, and potentially can facilitate diagnosis
A gravitational wave background from the decay of the standard model Higgs after inflation
Varying constants, Gravitation and Cosmology
Fundamental constants are a cornerstone of our physical laws. Any constant
varying in space and/or time would reflect the existence of an almost massless
field that couples to matter. This will induce a violation of the universality
of free fall. It is thus of utmost importance for our understanding of gravity
and of the domain of validity of general relativity to test for their
constancy. We thus detail the relations between the constants, the tests of the
local position invariance and of the universality of free fall. We then review
the main experimental and observational constraints that have been obtained
from atomic clocks, the Oklo phenomenon, Solar system observations, meteorites
dating, quasar absorption spectra, stellar physics, pulsar timing, the cosmic
microwave background and big bang nucleosynthesis. At each step we describe the
basics of each system, its dependence with respect to the constants, the known
systematic effects and the most recent constraints that have been obtained. We
then describe the main theoretical frameworks in which the low-energy constants
may actually be varying and we focus on the unification mechanisms and the
relations between the variation of different constants. To finish, we discuss
the more speculative possibility of understanding their numerical values and
the apparent fine-tuning that they confront us with.Comment: 145 pages, 10 figures, Review for Living Reviews in Relativit
Human herpesvirus multiplex ddPCR detection in brain tissue from low- and high-grade astrocytoma cases and controls
Intentions on desired length of stay among immigrants in Italy
Abstract The decision to emigrate from the country of origin may not be a permanent one: migrants can decide to return home or to emigrate to a third country. This phenomenon, established for some time in certain other European countries, has become an important one for Italy only recently. This paper contributes to the knowledge of migrants’ intentions in two ways: on the one hand, it analyses the factors associated with indecision about future plans; on the other, it focuses on the desired length of stay and its relationship with attachments (family, economic, socio-cultural and psychological) to host and home country. We used two logistic regression models: one for migrants’ indecision and the other for migrants’ desired length of stay. The data were collected by survey, coordinated by the ISMU Foundation and conducted in 2008 and 2009 with more than 12,000 migrants living in Italy. According to our results, indecision seems to be associated with an intermediate phase of migration at the early stage of family development in the case of negative balance of the migration experience, while attachment to the host country is associated with longer stay, and no attachments or attachment to the country of origin are associated with shorter stay
Coherent acoustic oscillations in metallic nanoparticles generated with femtosecond optical pulses
Self organized growth and ultrafast electron dynamics of metallic nanoparticles
The electron dynamics in metallic nanoparticles subjected to fs pulses shows distinctive features as a function of size. By reducing the size from approximate to 20 down to approximate to 1 nm, we progressively go: (i) first below the light penetration depth (approximate to 13-14 nm) and then (ii) below the mean free path (approximate to 5 nm). This affects drastically the behaviour of the electron dynamics in nanoparticles. More precisely, we observe: with (i) the disappearance of coherent acoustic oscillations generated by the fs pulses and clearly observable at large sizes; with (ii) the size dependence of the electron thermalization inside the nanoparticles. The above mentioned effects have been studied both in the solid and liquid state of the nanoparticles, In order to observe and study such phenomena it is essential that the nanocrystals are grown in a wide size range, with a regular (nearly spherical) shape and a relatively low size dispersion. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A
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