Kebijakan Pelayanan Kesehatan Reproduksi Bagi Perempuan Penyandang Disabilitas Dalam Rangka Pencegahan Kekerasan Seksual

The issue of women with disabilities is still rarely studied and published in the community, especially the issues of sexual violences for women with disabilities. This study provides a recommendation for both central and local governments (especially in East Java) to accomodate reproductive health services for women with disabilities. Since The Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities through the Law no.19 in 2011, the government have not taken any significant action. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a more implementative model policy for the community. The purpose of this research acts as a reference to make an effective, efficient, and right-on-target reproductive health policy. The recommendation made in this study is expected to be a reference for various parties, including the government, in order to design a more concrete and proactive steps to overcome reproductive health issue for women with disabilities in Indonesia, and also to build strategies which unite communities with different backgrounds. In order to obtain empirical data and information, this study used descriptive research with qualitative approach. Several steps taken are (1) determining the location of the study purposively in 33 sub-districts of Malang regency: in clinic, health, education, and social department, boarding school, Bhakti Luhur, P2TP2A, and local NGOs. Malang regency is chosen because (a) it is the only city which starts concerning sexuality and reproductive health of women with disabilities issues; (b) The sex ratio in 2010 was around 98,78%, which means that the number of females is significantly larger than males. As seen from the population density of 33 sub-districts of Malang, the majority of women has high density above 2000/km². It implies that poverty is mostly suffered by women; (c) the number of reproductive health issues for women with disabilities is quite a lot, because it is regarded as a taboo. (2) Data Collection: (1) observation and (2) indepth interview, (3) informants, (4) data analysis. The result of this study indicates that there are still a lot of women with disabilities who do not understand about taking care of their reproductive organs, and thus impacting their health. The control over their reproductive organs is still low, which makes many of them suffered from sexual violences that lead to unwanted pregnancies. Some cases found during the study show that women with disabilities who become sexual violence victims did not get proper justice, because their statements are not legally accepted, and it is also reinforced by the communities\u27 stigma which calls person with mental disabilities as a psycho

Variation of TTC Repeat Pattern in the Dna of Mycobacterium Leprae Isolates Obtained From Archeological Bones and Leprosy Patients From East Nusa Tenggara

The existence of leprosy or kusta or Morbus Hansen or Hansens disease has been known for years, including in Indonesia. Starting from the discovery of Mycobacterium leprae isolates from ancient bone (about 1.000 years B.C), the archaeological excavations results in East Nusa Tenggara, interesting questions arise about how the development of leprosy in eastern Indonesia is. Biology molecular study would become a powerful tool to investigate the presence of leprosy bacillary whether there are similarities between the genomes of M. leprae isolates in the primeval and the present. PCR examinations were performed on mandibular bone fragments from ancient human who lived 1000 years B.C. discovered in archaeological surveys on the island of Lembata and three leprosy patients from East Nusa Tenggara. The DNA extraction was performed using a kit from Qiagen products and its TTC repeating pattern was seen with the method of direct sequencing. It turned out that the TTC profile obtained from samples of archaeological was as many as 13 copies, while the repetition of TTC in three samples of leprosy patients were 15, 17 and 26 copies. The different number of TTC repetition shows the different isolates of M. leprae between in the ancient times and the present. Further studies are needed to verify the differences in the genome that occur, for example from the study of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)

Human bony labyrinth is an indicator of population history and dispersal from Africa.

The dispersal of modern humans from Africa is now well documented with genetic data that track population history, as well as gene flow between populations. Phenetic skeletal data, such as cranial and pelvic morphologies, also exhibit a dispersal-from-Africa signal, which, however, tends to be blurred by the effects of local adaptation and in vivo phenotypic plasticity, and that is often deteriorated by postmortem damage to skeletal remains. These complexities raise the question of which skeletal structures most effectively track neutral population history. The cavity system of the inner ear (the so-called bony labyrinth) is a good candidate structure for such analyses. It is already fully formed by birth, which minimizes postnatal phenotypic plasticity, and it is generally well preserved in archaeological samples. Here we use morphometric data of the bony labyrinth to show that it is a surprisingly good marker of the global dispersal of modern humans from Africa. Labyrinthine morphology tracks genetic distances and geography in accordance with an isolation-by-distance model with dispersal from Africa. Our data further indicate that the neutral-like pattern of variation is compatible with stabilizing selection on labyrinth morphology. Given the increasingly important role of the petrous bone for ancient DNA recovery from archaeological specimens, we encourage researchers to acquire 3D morphological data of the inner ear structures before any invasive sampling. Such data will constitute an important archive of phenotypic variation in present and past populations, and will permit individual-based genotype-phenotype comparisons

The Three Human Morphotypes in Indonesia

Abstract Indonesia has so many varieties of people and culture. Yet, not many scientists are interested in conducting research to the recent people. The purpose of this study was to try to find out the answer, if the Deuteromalayids, Dayakids, and Protomalayids were really three different morphological groups. Individual data were taken from Javanese students representing the Deuteromalayids, Haddon's data representing the Dayakids, and Bijlmer's data for Protomalayids. The data contain maximum head length (g -op), breadth (eu-eu), bizygomatic breadth (zy-zy), bigonial breadth (go -go), facial (n-gn) and nasal height (n-sn), nasal breadth (al-al) and stature. Cephalic, facial and nasal indices were calculated. The result of Standardized Canonical Discriminant Function Coefficients were above 80% with a mean of 89.0%. As many as 88.9% samples were correctly classified. It could be concluded that the morphological diversity of the three analysed groups -the Protomalayaids, the Deuteromalayaids and the Dayakids

Case study of Balinese tourism: Myth as cultural capital

Cultural tourism in Bali is threatened because many different types of tourism are developing. Traditional myths as a legacy of tradition do not support priority for local communities, governments, and tourism practitioners. Only a few tourist attractions that are already famous for maintaining the myth for tourists. Meanwhile, new tourist attractions still override myths as cultural capital and choose to follow market trends as mass tourism. The tourism planning, development myth as a cultural capital and the education for the millennial generation is a research recommendation.El turismo cultural en Bali está amenazado porque muchos tipos diferentes de turismo se están desarrollando. Los mitos como legado de tradición aún no tienen prioridad para las comunidades locales, los gobiernos y los profesionales del turismo. Solo unas pocas atracciones turísticas que ya son famosas. Mientras tanto, las nuevas atracciones turísticas aún anulan los mitos como capital cultural y eligen seguir las tendencias del mercado como turismo de masas. La planificación del turismo, el mito del desarrollo como capital cultural y la educación para la generación milenaria es una recomendación de investigación

Human bony labyrinth is an indicator of population history and dispersal from Africa.

The dispersal of modern humans from Africa is now well documented with genetic data that track population history, as well as gene flow between populations. Phenetic skeletal data, such as cranial and pelvic morphologies, also exhibit a dispersal-from-Africa signal, which, however, tends to be blurred by the effects of local adaptation and in vivo phenotypic plasticity, and that is often deteriorated by postmortem damage to skeletal remains. These complexities raise the question of which skeletal structures most effectively track neutral population history. The cavity system of the inner ear (the so-called bony labyrinth) is a good candidate structure for such analyses. It is already fully formed by birth, which minimizes postnatal phenotypic plasticity, and it is generally well preserved in archaeological samples. Here we use morphometric data of the bony labyrinth to show that it is a surprisingly good marker of the global dispersal of modern humans from Africa. Labyrinthine morphology tracks genetic distances and geography in accordance with an isolation-by-distance model with dispersal from Africa. Our data further indicate that the neutral-like pattern of variation is compatible with stabilizing selection on labyrinth morphology. Given the increasingly important role of the petrous bone for ancient DNA recovery from archaeological specimens, we encourage researchers to acquire 3D morphological data of the inner ear structures before any invasive sampling. Such data will constitute an important archive of phenotypic variation in present and past populations, and will permit individual-based genotype-phenotype comparisons

Diversity of Mycobacterium leprae On The Basis of Repetitive Sequences of TTC From Ancient Bones Found in Bali and East Nusa Tenggara, East Indonesia

Introduction : Excavalions of the genetic material of pathogenic organisms in the ancient bones provide important informations for the study of certain infevtious diseases in ancient populations. In addition, the identification of bacterial DNA provides direct evidence and the frequency of occurrence of infectious disease in ancient populations and may provide information about the evolution of microorganisms and related disease. Several recent reports have succeeded in isolating several Mycobacterium by using PCR technique, because the PCR technique, although very small amount of DNA in ancient biomaterials such as bone or soft tissue but can be identified. This new approach not only of knowledge related to the evolution of different strains of Mycobacterium, but may also provide correlative data on the influence of environment on the development of Mycobacterium and biodiversity. However until now has never reported any Mycobacterium especially Mycobacterium leprae was found in a ancient bones from Indonesia, so too has not been widely report throughout the world of M. leprae from ancient bones found on the old 2990 + / - 160 BP. The purpose of this study was performed diversity analysis of M. leprae on the basis of repetitive sequences of TTC from ancient bones in Bali and East Nusa Tenggara, East Tenggara

Ritual tooth ablation and the Austronesian expansion : evidence from eastern Indonesia and the Pacific Islands

Ritual tooth ablation, the intentional removal of teeth, is a highly visible form of body modification that can signal group identity and mark certain life events, such as marriage. The widespread occurrence of the practice in Asia appears to have begun in the Neolithic period and in some areas, such as Taiwan, continued until the ethnographic present. We aim to use a biocultural approach to investigate the significance of tooth ablation in Indonesia and Vanuatu during the maritime expansion of Austronesian-speaking groups ca. 3500-2000 years ago. Here we assess the presence and patterns of tooth ablation in four prehistoric skeletal assemblages from eastern Indonesia (Pain Haka, Melolo, Lewoleba and Liang Bua) and one from Vanuatu (Uripiv). Despite the relatively small sample sizes, it was found that individuals from all the sites displayed tooth ablation. The Indonesian populations had ablation patterns that involved the maxillary lateral incisors and canines and the individuals from Uripiv had the central maxillary incisors removed. We suggest that the distribution of tooth ablation in eastern Indonesia provides strong evidence that this practice was an important ritual process associated with the early expansion of Austronesian-speaking populations in the region. The identification of tooth ablation at the site of Uripiv is the earliest example of the practice in the Pacific Islands and was either a Southeast Asian tradition brought by Austronesian settlers, was introduced later from Near Oceania, or was an indigenous development in Vanuatu. A similar pattern of tooth ablation (the removal of central maxillary incisors) has been documented in ethnographic reports of northern Vanuatu tribes. We argue that the practice could possibly be a ritual passed through the generations since the early settlement of Vanuatu