Гибридная интегральная схема для обработки звукового сигнала

Разработана гибридная интегральная схема с номинальным напряжением питания 1,4 В, током потребления 0,7 мА и габаритными размерами 8x4x3 мм для обработки звукового сигнала в автономной аппаратуре.Розроблена гібридна інтегральна схема з номінальною напругою живлення 1,4 В, струмом споживання 0,7 мА і габаритними розмірами 8x4x3 мм забезпечує багатофункціональну обробку звуковою сигналу в аналоговій мікроелектронній апаратурі. Наведено її конструкторсько-технологічні та електричні параметри.Developed hybrid integrated circuit with rated supply voltage of 1,4 V, current consumption 0,7 mA and overall dimensions 8x4x3 mm provides soft processing of the audio signal in analog microelectronic equipment. Given its design, technological and electrical parameters

Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming : Experiences from an Intervention Study to Control Livestock-Associated MRSA

With the ultimate aim of containing the emergence of resistant bacteria, a Dutch policy was set in place in 2010 promoting a reduction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals. In this context, a study evaluated strategies to curb livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA). Fifty-one veal calf farms were assigned to one of 3 study arms: RAB farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol; RAB-CD farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol and applying a cleaning and disinfection program; and Control farms without interventions. MRSA carriage was tested in week 0 and week 12 of 2 consecutive production cycles in farmers, family members and veal calves. Interventions were validated and a cyclic rise in MRSA-prevalence in animals was shown with a more moderate increase in RAB farms. Prevalence in humans declined parallel over time in the study arms but RAB farms were at the lowest MRSA levels from the beginning of the study. In RAB-CD farms, human and animal prevalence did not differ from Control farms and MRSA air loads were significantly higher than in the other study arms. Mimicking the national trend, an overall AMU decrease (daily dosages per animal per cycle (DDDA/C)) was observed over 4 pre-study and the 2 study cycles; this trend did not have a significant effect on a set of evaluated farm technical parameters. AMU was positively associated with MRSA across study arms (ORs per 10 DDDA/C increase = 1.26 for both humans (p = 0.07) and animals (p = 0.12 in first cycle)). These results suggest that AMU reduction might be a good strategy for curbing MRSA in veal calf farming, however the specific cleaning and disinfecting program in RAB-CD farms was not effective. The drop in MRSA prevalence in people during the study could be attributed to the observed long-term AMU decreasing trend

Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming : Experiences from an Intervention Study to Control Livestock-Associated MRSA

With the ultimate aim of containing the emergence of resistant bacteria, a Dutch policy was set in place in 2010 promoting a reduction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals. In this context, a study evaluated strategies to curb livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA). Fifty-one veal calf farms were assigned to one of 3 study arms: RAB farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol; RAB-CD farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol and applying a cleaning and disinfection program; and Control farms without interventions. MRSA carriage was tested in week 0 and week 12 of 2 consecutive production cycles in farmers, family members and veal calves. Interventions were validated and a cyclic rise in MRSA-prevalence in animals was shown with a more moderate increase in RAB farms. Prevalence in humans declined parallel over time in the study arms but RAB farms were at the lowest MRSA levels from the beginning of the study. In RAB-CD farms, human and animal prevalence did not differ from Control farms and MRSA air loads were significantly higher than in the other study arms. Mimicking the national trend, an overall AMU decrease (daily dosages per animal per cycle (DDDA/C)) was observed over 4 pre-study and the 2 study cycles; this trend did not have a significant effect on a set of evaluated farm technical parameters. AMU was positively associated with MRSA across study arms (ORs per 10 DDDA/C increase = 1.26 for both humans (p = 0.07) and animals (p = 0.12 in first cycle)). These results suggest that AMU reduction might be a good strategy for curbing MRSA in veal calf farming, however the specific cleaning and disinfecting program in RAB-CD farms was not effective. The drop in MRSA prevalence in people during the study could be attributed to the observed long-term AMU decreasing trend

Livestock-associated MRSA in household members of pig farmers : transmission and dynamics of carriage, a prospective cohort study

This prospective cohort study describes carriage of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in household members from 49 farrowing pig farms in the Netherlands (2010-2011). Of 171 household members, 4% were persistent MRSA nasal carriers, and the MRSA prevalence on any given sampling moment was 10% (range 7-11%). Working in the stables (of which 98% was MRSA-positive, prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.11 per 10 hours), working with sows (PR=1.97), and living with an MRSA-positive pig farmer (PR=4.63) were significant determinants for MRSA carriage. Significant protective factors were carriage of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (PR=0.50), and wearing a facemask when working in the stables (37% decreased prevalence). All MRSA strains during the study period were known livestock-associated types. The bacteriophage φ3 was not found in household members. Transmission from pigs and the environment appeared to be important determinants; human-to-human transmission could not sufficiently be differentiated. Wearing a facemask when working in the stables and carriage of MSSA are potential interventional targets

Transmission through air as a possible route of exposure for MRSA

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is highly prevalent in pigs and veal calves. The environment and air in pig and veal calf barns is often contaminated with LA-MRSA, and can act as a transmission source for humans. This study explores exposure-response relationships between sequence type 398 (ST398) MRSA air exposure level and nasal ST398 MRSA carriage in people working and/or living on farms. Samples and data were used from three longitudinal field studies in pig and veal calf farm populations. Samples consisted of nasal swabs from the human participants and electrostatic dust fall collectors capturing airborne settled dust in barns. In both multivariate and mutually adjusted analyses, a strong association was found between nasal ST398 MRSA carriage in people working in the barns for >20 h per week and MRSA air levels. In people working in the barns < 20 h per week there was a strong association between nasal carriage and number of working hours. Exposure to ST398 MRSA in barn air seems to be an important determinant for nasal carriage, especially in the highly exposed group of farmers, next to duration of contact with animals. Intervention measures should therefore probably also target reduction of ST398 MRSA air levels.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 17 December 2014; doi:10.1038/jes.2014.85

Mean MRSA prevalence and 95% confidence interval in farmers and family members from 51 veal calf farms during an intervention study to reduce MRSA carriage, the Netherlands 2010–2012.

<p><i>RAB</i>, farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol; <i>RAB-CD</i>, farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol and applying a cleaning and disinfection program; <i>Control</i>, farms without interventions. MRSA, methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.</p

ORs for a pooled sample (in the first cycle) and an individual animal (in the second cycle) to be MRSA-positive in an intervention study performed in 51 veal calf farms to reduce MRSA carriage, the Netherlands 2010–2012.

<p>Results from generalized linear mixed models accounting for clustering at farm level in which study arm and sampling moment were grouped in a single determinant to evaluate interaction effects (i.e. differential effects by arm of intervention and time). MRSA, methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>; <i>RAB</i>, farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol; <i>RAB-CD</i>, farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol and applying a cleaning and disinfection program; <i>Control</i>, farms without interventions; Ref., reference category of the variable.</p><p>^a 17 farms per arm of intervention, 2 sampling moments and 10 pooled samples per farm.</p><p>^b Overall p<0.01.</p><p>^c 17 farms per arm of intervention, 2 sampling moments and a mean of 28 animals sampled per farm.</p><p>ORs for a pooled sample (in the first cycle) and an individual animal (in the second cycle) to be MRSA-positive in an intervention study performed in 51 veal calf farms to reduce MRSA carriage, the Netherlands 2010–2012.</p

Mean antimicrobial use (as defined daily dosages per animal and cycle (DDDA/C)) and 95% confidence interval in 51 veal calf farms during 4 pre-study production cycles (ps-c1 to ps-c2) and the 2 study cycles (s-c1 and s-c2) for group treatments (3 upper lines) and individual treatments (3 lower lines), the Netherlands 2009–2012.

<p>For assessing baseline comparability, study arms are also shown during the pre-study cycles before assignment to any intervention. <i>RAB</i>, farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol; <i>RAB-CD</i>, farms reducing antimicrobials by protocol and applying a cleaning and disinfection program; <i>Control</i>, farms without interventions.</p

Determinants of MRSA nasal carriage in household members of pig farmers after multivariate analysis.

<p>MRSA, methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>; MSSA, methicillin-susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>; PR (95% CI), Prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Bold-typed p-values were statistically significant (i.e. <0.05).</p><p>Determinants of MRSA nasal carriage in household members of pig farmers after multivariate analysis.</p